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The Story 

...OF... 

sIEW ENGLAND 

Illustrated 

Being a Narrative of the principal events , 
from the arrival of the 

PILGRIMS IN 1620 

and of the 

PURITANS IN 1624 

to the present time 
By 

Edward Oliver Skelton 

Member New England Historic Society 

and 

The Old Planters* Society 



published by 
Edward O. Skei^ton 

BOSTON 

MASSACHUSETTS 

I9IO 



'/ 






Copyright, 1909 

BY 

Edward Oi,ive;r SkeIyTon 

Boston, Massachusetts 



©CIA259294 



K. 



INTRODUCTION 




E have now entered upon the tercentenary of the 
inception of the movement, which in a-few short years, 
insignificant in the beginning, crystalHzed itself into 
what has proven to be up to the present time the greatest 
power in humanizing the world that has ever been witnessed. 
That little band of people, vv^ho in defence of their convictions 
of religious freedom, left England and sought an asylum in 
Holland in 1609, a land where the people lived under a written 
constitution, expounded by an independent judiciary, worship- 
ping in a religious freedom that received its promptings from 
the consciousness of the soul, was the haven they reached. It 
was there that they saw and imbibed the principles of Repub- 
licanism that became ingrafted into their conscience and 
which even before their feet pressed upon the soil of New 
England gave birth to that compact — the foundation of the 
constitution of the greatest Republic the world has ever 
known. It was there that they lived in an atmosphere per- 
meated with religion, where the Bible was read several times 
a day in every house, where, while they were among them, the 
people printed twenty-four editions of the New Testament and 
fifteen of the Bible. Where education was of the supremest 
importance, and the golden rule the principle under which the 
people lived. It was with such inherent ideas that the Pil- 
grims came to Plymouth in 1620, and on that bleak December 
day landed on that rock, which was the stepping-stone to a 



land of freedom, bringing to the shores of New England a 
civic liberty, as exemplified in self-government such as they 
instituted, and which has endured these three hundred years in 
all the states which make this union. For in the constitution 
of each state it is written that those things which are forbidden 
by the moral law and the law of justice shall not be enacted in 
the government of the state by any human authority or ac- 
complished by any human desire. But it was something more 
than the love of civic freedom, of religious freedom, that actu- 
ated these people. It was their obedience to the laws of God, 
as from their very souls they interpreted the Scriptures, not 
with bigotry, not with harshness, but with a sense that to all 
should be accorded the right to worship God as the individual 
pleased. No better illustration of this is afforded than their 
tolerance of Roger Williams for a long time and their final 
dismissal of him in mildness and love, a fact recognized in 
after years by Mr. Williams himself, and thus it was that they 
began, passing through privations and dangers without a mur- 
mur, meeting death with calmness, with an absolute submis- 
sion of personal will to the will of God, and that spirit of 
mildness which in a few years began to blend with the coura- 
geous Puritan spirit. It served to soften and subdue the 
harshness that was so characteristic of the PuritaM, for he was 
vital in force and in character, uncompromising, dogmatic, in- 
tolerant of any religious opinion that did not agree with his 
OAvn, and yet it was only duty as he saw it that caused him to 
be bigotted. It was that forceful Puritan spirit, carried down 
the years, that caused the throwing off of the British yoke, and 
resulted in the long years of war before the independence of 
the nation w^as gained. It was that same Puritan sgnse of 
right that caused the abolition of slavery in this country and 



four years of that deplorable fratricidal war, which enabled 
them to keep indissoluble the union of states. It is that great 
Puritan courage which enabled their sons to wrest from the 
west the conquest of lands and people that great country with 
their bone and sinew. It was the Puritan love of freedom 
that led her descendants to go to the aid of those people living 
on the little isle near our shores and aid her to throw off the 
shackles of despotism. ^ It was the Puritan spirit, inherent, of 
justice that led the people to interpose in the frightful deci- 
mating war between two nations and cry " Peace." It is the 
all-conquering, persistent spirit of the Puritan that has led the 
onward march to the world's axis. And it is to that Puritan 
love of freedom that she has stretched forth her hands in glad 
welcome to the oppressed of other nations. And so it is that we 
of to-day owe a debt of gratitude that is beyond estimation to 
the Pilgrim and Puritan fathers, blessed as we are above all 
other peoples. Let us not forget the inscription on Governor 
William Bradford's monument at Plymouth: " Do not basely 
relinquish what the fathers with difficulty attained." 

This work was not undertaken with the idea of its being a 
history, for of histories of the early days there are many, but 
it was begun and has been completed as a historical narrative, 
touching upon the principal events that go to make up the 
history of New England, without treating at wearisome length 
any portion of the country's history. The illustrations com- 
prise many which are for the first time published. The repro- 
duction, in Governor Bradford's own handwriting, of pages 
from his history of the Pilgrims, and which include the com- 
pact, signed that November night in the cabin of the May- 
flower, and the list of those who came first in that historic ship. 
The copy of the charter, the oldest state paper in America. 



The first order in America for establishing trial by jury. The 
first Custom House order in America. The first export order. 
The order prohibiting thatched roofs to the houses. The page 
from the church records, dismissing Roger Williams from the 
church. The several deeds from Governor Bradford, Governor 
Wins'low, Elder William Brewster, Myles Standish and others 
of the Pilgrims, all in th^'original handwritings, serve to make 
this work of a great historic value in an illustrative sense, and 
to the illustrations of the story of the Puritan, and of Boston, 
the same applies, as the story of the unfoldment of New Eng- 
land's growth is pictured by many illustrations w^hich also 
receive their first publication in this work. If in the reading 
of these pages by people far away from Boston it serves to 
give them a better knowledge of the great eastern metropolis, 
of its wealth of historical scenes and associations, of its great 
commercial growth and power which is ever on the increase, 
the aims of the writer will have been accomplished. 

EDWARD O. SKELTON. 
January^ nineteen hundred and te?i. 



STORY OF THE PILGRIMS 




KABLY H0U3B 




GOVERNOR I^DWARD WINSI.OW 



STORY OF THE PILGRIMS 

NEW ENGLAND, hallowed name the world over 
wherever there is an American ; and entwined in the heart 
strings of every descendant of its early settlers with 
a love and veneration impossible of description. Whence 
came its name? And what of and when its birth? Fortu- 
nately the answers can be given, not from indistinct mytholog- 
ical haze, but from musty, yellowed tomes, v^herein are the 
records of the founding of what is to-day the greatest nation 
on the face of the globe. It was in the year 1614 that Capt. 
John Smith, the celebrated traveler and 'navigator, explored 
the coast from Monhigan, an island near the Penobscot River, 
Maine, to Cape Cod. He made this trip in a boat with eight 
men for the purpose of bartering with the native Indians and 
making such discoveries as might be of future advantage to 
his employers and his country. On his return to England he 
formed a map from the rough drafts he had made, which he 
presented to Prince Charles, who was so pleased with his 
description of this newly discovered region that, turning to 
Capt. Smith, he said, ''Why, this is of a verity New England, 
and let, it so be named." Particularly enthusiastic was Capt. 
Smith in his report of his observations along the sea coast. 
He says: "I have seen at least fortie severall habitations 
upon the sea coast, and sounded about five-and-twenty 
excellent good harbours. Of all the four parts of the world 
I have yet seen uninhabited, could I have but means to 
transport a colony I would rather live here than anywhere ; 
and if it did not maintain itself, were we but once indiffer- 
ently well fitted, let us 'starve. Here are many" isles planted 
with corn groves, mulberries, savage gardens, and good 
harbours. The sea coasts as you pass them, show you all 
along large cornfields and great troops of well proportioned 
people." This voyage, which Capt. Smith completed within 
six months, produced for the promoters of the expedition 
a profit of $6000; and it was doubtless owing to this result 
of commercial enterprise, rather than the glowing wonderful 

II 





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description of the country which the Captain gave which 
led to the fitting out of vessels, for several years, by mer- 
chants of Dorchester for taking fish and trading with the 
Indians for furs. But Capt. Smith was not the first known 
discoverer of New England and its coast. Lief, the Norse- 
man, and his people were here at an age so remote that 
scarcely anything is known of it, excepting it may be the 
inscriptions of rocks which have been discovered, and that 
wonderful stone tower at Newport, Rhode Island, attributed 
to their handiwork, for it is of an age that its origin or tradition 
was unknown to the Indians, who possessed the land in 1600. 
But of its earliest discovery by a white man, the first English- 
man, we have the record, that Bartholomew Gosnold sailed 
from Falmouth, March 26th, 1602; he took a direct course 
and made land about Monhigan Island on the 14th of May. 
He did not enter Massachusetts Bay, but steered directly 
from Cape Ann to the opposite cape, where he took vast 
numbers of cod fish and gave to that part of the country 
the name of Cape Cod. Thus was the fame of the land on 
the Western Continent shore line made known, and with 
ship after ship returning to England laden with fish and 
furs and woods of rare quality, it is not remarkable that 
there was instilled into the people a restless desire for explora- 
tion and adventure. Companies of large capital were formed, 
and expedition after expedition, under charters from the 
Crown, were dispatched to settle the land, to fish and hunt 
and secure from the Indians furs, all to the great financial 
profit of the companies, and it was not until 1620 that the 
real beginning, the real foundation of New England, occurred. 
The events leading to this will be given as briefly as possible. 

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries England 
throbbed with an intensity of the religious convictions which 
governed its people, that we of to-day cannot realize. There 
had been much progress made in the great reformation when 
Parliament, under Henry VIIL, ea.rly in the sixteenth century, 
divorced the National Church from the Roman and substi- 
tuted the Reigning Sovereign for the Pope of Rome as its 
head. While this act gave much satisfaction to the reformers, 
there was but little change made except in the head of the 
Church, however, and nearly all the forms and ceremonies 
of the Roman Church were retained, a matter which gave 
great disappointment to the very large numbers of the people 
who were eager for a thorough reformation in church forms 

13 




MOOJEL. C)/" MAYf^LOWEH 



and customs, and they were known as non-Conformists, even 
by their opponents held up to scorn and derisively termed 
Puritans — as being too pure to live upon this planet. They 
did not object to the doctrines of the Church, but strove for 
its reformation; so strongly did they object to the obnoxious 
forms and ceremonies of the Church that large numbers of 
the clergy refused to conform to them in their service. Laws 
were passed to enforce attendance at church and ob- 
servance of all its forms and ceremonies. As a- result of 
this attempted proscription, which failed in its purpose to a 
great degree, hundreds of the clergy were driven from their 
churches, they having upheld their own faith and that of 
the rest of the non-Conformists in the belief that the forms 
and ceremonies were the inventions of men, and sinful to 
observe and not authorized by Scripture. During the reign 
of Elizabeth there was a sect known as Separatists, and some- 
times as Brownists, from the name of its founder. These 
people defied the authority of the National Church, declaring 
it was not a true church, that it was sinful and wrong: to 

TV ^ 

attend its worshipping assemblies and listen to the preaching 
of the word of God therein. These people were opposed by 
both Conformists (Nationals) and non-Conformists, and they 
united in having passed by Parliament the most severe laws 
against those who refused to accept the supremacy of the 
National Church. The enforcement of these was performed 
with such strictness that one settlement of the Separatists 
at Scrooby, in the north of England, were so harassed that 
for their own safety and peace of mind decided that as they 
could not continue to worship in their form, without dire 
results, they would leave England, which they did in 1609, 
going first to Amsterdam, and on the first of May found 
refuge in Leyden, in Holland, where they were in subsequent 
years joined by many others. They were known and termed 
by all as Pilgrims, and thus was begun a movement, insignifi- 
cant at its inception, but fraught with most momentous 
results to the entire civilized world, and, as has been demon- 
strated, of a deep and profound humanitarian enlightenment. 
Here in Leyden this heroic band of exiles found a haven 
of refuge, they found employment in the spinning of cloth, 

15 



for they were skilled m this, and as their religious worship 
was not interfered with, they were happy and content. As 
the years passed their numbers increased until over three 
hundred were in membership, and these exiled Pilgrims 
rejoiced in what they thought a permanent home — vain hope. 
Upon the horizon of Europe began to loom the dark clouds 
of the coming thirty years' war, and the industries of I^eyden 
began to wane, and as the decline in them accentuated, 
employment was taken from the exiles that the Hollanders 
themselves might have such as was possible. Then began 
the first of the hardships which this noble band of men and 
women were for years to endure, privation became semi- 
starvation, and yet under the strong leadership of William 
Brewster, Pastor Robinson, John Carver, and Robert Cush- 
man, they held together, never wavering in their faith. 
Representations being made to the Crown, permission was 
granted the company to land upon the Crown's property in 
Virginia and make settlement. Arrangements were also 
effected with the Merchant Adventurers Company of London 
to fit out a ship to convey the Pilgrims to the Virginia col- 
onies and to furnish them with means of sustenance 
for one year after they had reached their new home. To 
recompense the company for this, the Pilgrims were to repay 
the money advanced for this voyage within seven years, with 
an interest that far exceeded the principal sum employed. 
These terms were presented to the Pilgrims and caused 
great discussion. Upon a vote being taken as to removal to 
Virginia and acceptance of the terms of the Adventure Com- 
pany, a majority was adverse and decided to remain with 
their Pastor Robinson, but the minority, which was quite 
large, listened to- the exhortation of their eloquent and faith- 
ful leader, William Brewster, who had proven to be stanch 
and true to them in all their trials and perplexities, and with 
loyalty they stood by him, agreeing to throw life itself into 
the balance and accompany him to the new land, and this, 
notwithstanding that no patent had been granted to them at 
that time by the Crown, and on July ist, 1620, an agreement 
was drawn up ^and approved, whereby every one who went 
over should have an interest in the project, everything should 
be carried on in common for seven years, when it would be 
divided, houses, lands, goods, chattels ; everything being 
agreed upon, preparation for the emigration of the Pilgrims 
went on apace. It was agreed that the youngest and strong- 

17 



est should go, and that Pastor Robinson should remain in 
Leyden, for the present, with the majority, and that those 
who were going should be under the charge and control of 
William Brewster, the ruling elder. The ship Speedwell was 
sent to bring them away. They all gathered at Delfthaven, 
where, amid a sorrowful leave-taking, the small band went 
aboard ship and sailed from the harbor on July 23, 1620, for 
Southampton, where the ship Mayflower, which had been 
engaged at London in taking on the stores that were to be 
transported, was to meet them. Upon arrival there of the 
Pilgrims, as many as could be accommodated were taken 
aboard the Mayflower, but it was seen that the capacity of 
the ship was inadequate to carry all of those who were to go, 
and so the Speedwell was pressed into service as an auxiliary. 
One reason for this overcrowding of the Mayflower was that 
the London company had on their own account sent aboard 
many persons whom they desired to send over, and who were 
not members of the Pilgrims' society; how many there were 
of these it has never been ascertained, but when the ships 
sailed from Southampton, August 15th, there were one hun- 
dred and two Pilgrims aboard, every heart burdened with 
deep sorrow at thoughts of leaving the dear friends of a life- 
time, and yet with hope that in the new country they would 
find that liberty of religious life and thought which their 
hearts hungered for and for which they were ready to make 
all sacrifice. Anticipations of a pleasant voyage were soon 
rudely dispelled; the ships had but just cleared the English 
Channel when a terrific storm arose and both vessels sought 
the harbor of Dartmouth for safety, as the Speedwell proved 
unseaworthy. On the storm abating, they continued on and 
entered Plymouth harbor, where the passengers on the 
Speedwell were transferred to the Mayflower, densely over- 
crowding it. This historic vessel, which has for ages been 
the subject of song and story, was a small ship of but one 
nundred and eighty tons, but seaworthy in every way. On 
the i6th of September they sailed from Plymouth and headed 
out into the Atlantic. One can in mind see those noble 
souls as they stood upon the deck gazing at the fast receding 
land, what were their thoughts of loved ones left behind, and 
as the tears rolled down their cheeks. It was the baptism 
of the new life that was now dawning, a life brief to most of 
them and fraught with unknown perils and dangers to all. 
The Pilgrims numbered one hundred and two, of which 

19 



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seventy-three were males and twenty-nine females. There were 
twenty boys and eight girls additional, being mostly children 
of the emigrants. It was a long and stormy voyage. Storm 
after storm beset them, and driven far from her course, the 
little vessel with its precious freight fought the elements 
sixty-seven days, when with rapturous joy the little band 
beheld the promised land, and on November 21st, 1620, the 
Mayflower cast her anchor in Provincetown harbor. During 
the voyage those who had been sent over by the Londoii 
company and who were not in sympathy with the Pilgrims 
in their religious views, endeavored to sow the seeds of 
discord and were at times turbulent, and as the ship neared 
land became somewhat fractious. Winslow, in his Journal, 
says: ''This day, November nth (old style) we came to 
harbour, observing some not well affected to unity and con- 
cord, but gave some appearance of faction; it was thought 
good there should be an association and agreement that we 
should combine together in one body, and to submit to such 
government and governors as we should by common consent 
agree to make and choose, and set our hands to this that 
follows, word for word." It was the compact he referred to, 
which the night before the landing was drawn up, and in 
the cabin of the Mayflower under the weird rays of the 
swinging candle lamps was read, discussed, and signed, and 
as Young in his Chronicles says, ''Here for the first time in 
the world's history the philosophical fiction of a social com- 
pact was realized in practice," and that compact became 
immortal for the reason that it constituted the Pilgrims, a 
body politic, the first in America, and down through all the 
coming ages will that compact be ever memorablCo 

On the opposite page is presented a photographic illus- 
tration of the page in Gov. Bradford's handwriting, in his his- 
tory, of the compact. It seems so wonderful to be able to look, 
after a lapse of about three centuries, on the handwriting of the 
author of that compact and know that it is so well preserved. 
The history of the final disposition of the compact, with all 
the signatures of that blessed company attached, is not - 
positively known, but it is believed that it, with all the other 
records, excepting those of the Church, of the Pilgrim colony, 
were stored in the attic of the County Court House at 
Plymouth, and that early in the nineteenth century, when 
that building was greatly damaged by fire, the debris was 



21 



collected and' without being examined thrown into the bay, 
and in addition to the compact it is presumed that the 
patent or charter shared the same fate, although, singularly, 
the box in which it came is still preserved. 

Following the signing, the company chose John Carver 
as their first governor. William Brewster, although not 
ordained, was chosen elder, the spiritual head of the Church, 
and Myles Standish was made captain and military com- 
mander. The morning following the signing of the compact 
the first landing on American soil was made at Provincetown 
by Capt. Myles Standish and sixteen men. Exploration of 
the territory within a few miles, during which signs of 
Indians were observed, convinced them of the undesirable 
nature of the location, and upon reporting it to the com- 
pany, it was decided to take a small shallop and cruise along 
the -coast ; this was done and the first night's stop was at what 
is now AVellfleet. Here they were attacked by Indians, who 
fled at the first fire from Standish's men. Exploring still 
further along the coast, they finally reached an island, and the 
view of land a short distance away led them to sound the 
depth of water in the harbor. Finding it sufiicient for 
ships of good draught, they made the historical landing 
December 21st, 1620, and New England was born. The 
longed-for haven of peace was at hand, and what gladness 
of heart and reverence must those brave explorers have felt 
as, kneeling down with uncovered head, they poured out 
their thanks to Almighty God for the safe delivery into this 
land of promise, a second Kadish Barnea. Five days later 
the Mayflower sailed into the harbor with the company of 
Pilgrims, and casting anchor, the historical voyage was 
ended and a new life was begun in the, to them, new world. 
As their eager feet touched first upon that revered granite 
rock, they gave to it a consecration which will ever more 
cause it to be looked upon as the most hallov/ed spot on 
the Western Continent, for upon that very rock on that very 
day, there landed — unconscioush^ — a state free born, full 
grown, exercising all local municipal and national functions 
through the voice of the whole people, and with a perfected 
plan or mechanism for a perfect representative government, 
which was the foundation of the Great Republic of the 
United States (since amplified as the nation's needs required). 
There landed that day an independent church, having a direct 
connection with Christ, as did the Church in the beginning, 

23 






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but without human link or mediation. All this was accorded 
through the terms of that wonderful compact signed that No- 
vember night in the darkened cabin of the Mayflower by a peo- 
ple who later proved themselves to be peaceful, affectionate, 
moderate in government, just one to another, strong of cour- 
age, and in both men and women inherent refinement, to 
whom education and noble behavior were a part of their 
very selves. It is to such people, who, as they progressed, 
enacted laws, fundamental but mild, which to-day serve to 
control in part our great country. To them we owe the first 
law for the ballot, for trial by jury, for registry of lands in 
public books, of taxation, of the first customs order, and 
of the first laws ever enacted in the world, relative to an 
equal distribution of inheritance among their children. It 
was with, such wise beneficence they formed their colony, and 
it is under that and the beautiful loving shadows that the 
Pilgrim father and the sweet tender Pilgrim mother casts 
upon us that we are living to-day, honored, based upon those 
principles, by every nation on the globe. It was December 
26th, 1620, just one hundred and two days from its departure 
from Plymouth, England (with singular coincidence, one 
hundred and two Pilgrims aboard), that the Mayflower 
dropped anchor in Plymouth harbor. Immediately they 
planned for their settlement. A street called Leyden was 
laid out — the original draft is still in existence — where was 
allotted to various men who desired them lots of ground 
upon which to build their houses ; but first they erected 
a common house, which was about twenty feet square; this 
was occupied in January, and as the records state, "the house 
was as full of beds as they could lie one by another." Rapidly 
other houses were erected, and by spring the people who 
survived were well housed. But that first winter was ter- 
rible in the extreme; the sufferings and heartaches in that 
desolate region, as one after another of that brave band 
passed away are indescribable. The records tell us that in that 
awful winter nearly every one was ill, one-half of the 
noble band died, and as Bradford in his history says, "at 
the time of their most distress there were only six or seven 
persons left who were in condition to care for the helpless 
and sick. Of those not afflicted with sickness or lameness 
two who were so helpful that they furnished a rare example 
and worthy to be remembered were William Brewster and 
Myles Standish." The causes which led to this great mor- 

25 



tality were acute pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, con- 
gestions, brought on by wading day after day from boat 
to shore and back again, tramping through rain, snow, and 
sleet, camping out and sleeping in wet clothing, with scarce 
any protection from cold or storm; this, with lack of suitable 
remedies to attack the disorder, was the cause of the burial 
of so many on Coles Hill that winter and following spring. 

The colonists, as a means of protection, erected upon 
the hill directly back'of their houses, on what is now Burial 
Hill, a fort, upon which they mounted five cannon, which 
they had brought wath them — fearful of and expecting attack 
from the Indians at any time. Ceaseless vigilance was required, 
but their fears and work were needless, for in a short time 
the Indian Samoset came among them giving evidence of 
peaceful intentions ; and again, a few days later, he returned 
with Chiefs Sqanto and Grand Chief Massasoyt, with whom 
the Pilgrims made a treaty, and peace was insured. Friendship 
wkh the natives that was then established proved a few win- 
ters later the means of saving the lives of so many, when the 
crops having failed, the Indians brought to them corn from 
their slender stores. 

The four principal men of Plymouth, under whose direc- 
tion affairs were conducted, were William Bradford, William 
Brewster, Edward Winslow, and Myles Standish. Gov. 
Bradford was a member of the church in Scrooby; he was 
born in 1589, and died in Plymouth 1657. He was governor 
thirty-one years and managed the affairs of the colony with 
great prudence and wisdom. He wrote a history of Plymouth 
from its first settlement to 1647, i^ which was recorded with 
faithfulness all the events of the colony. This most valuable 
journal was until a few years ago in England, but fortunately 
for America the State of Massachusetts secured possession, 
and it is now in the State Library at the State House. Wil- 
liam Brewster was born at Scrooby, 1563; he was an elder in 
the Pilgrim Church at Scrooby, Leyden, and Plymouth, and 
for several years officiated, from lack of a pastor, as the 
spiritual leader of the colonists; to him all questions upon 
religious life were referred; he died April i6th, 1643. Edward 
Winslow was a gentleman of fine education and breeding; 
he was born 1594, and was governor of Plymouth three 
years; his influence with the Indians was very great, and 
it was principally through his diplomacy at the first interview 

27 




PRISCII^I^A 



with Massasoyt that the treaty was made possible ; he returned 
to England in 1646, and there remained and died in 1655. 
The history of the early days at Plymouth which he wrote 
are known under title, "Winslow's Relation." Myles Stand- 
ish was essentially a soldier; with all the inborn elements of 
one, commissioned a captain by Queen Elizabeth for bravery 
in her service and placed in full charge of the military of the 
colonists, he displayed great courage, and later, when serving 
as assistant governor for six years and treasurer for twelve 
years, he exercised the soundest of judgment. He was never 
a member of the Plymouth Church, and his motives in join- 
ing the expedition are not known. It was probabl}^ a desire 
to gratif}'- his love of adventure. He was born, probably, 1586. 
His wife, Rose, who accompanied him, died in just one 
month's time after the arrival at Plymouth. While it is 
known that he was redoubtable in war, yet he was timorous 
in the tender feelings of love, and while fearless to face 
alone a hundred Indians, yet quailed to stand before a 
maiden's smiling face and wait for "yea or nay" from her. 
Eongfellow has in muse sweetly told the story of his 
courtship. Priscilla Mullins came in the Mayflower with 
her father, mother, and brother; the father died during the 
first month after arrival, the mother and brother the second 
month. Orphaned, without a relation and nearly all her 
friends dead or dying, the future for the dear g'v] did, indeed, 
look black, but that good man. Elder William Brewster, said, 
"Priscilla, 3^ou will come to my home and you will hence- 
forth be my dear daughter." And it was to the Brewster 
cabin that John Alden wended his way one day as the 
messenger from Myles Standish asking for him her hand 
in marriage. One can picture him standing there with bash- 
ful mien, flower in hand, and with a twinge around his own 
heart, delivering a message for another that his own heart 
prompted him to say for himself, and wliich loyalty pre- 
vented. And as Priscilla listened we can Imagine we see 
the roguish twinkle in eye and sweet smile, as, turning her 
head slightly to one side, she archly says, "Why don't you 
speak for yourself, John?" Captain Myles Standish, in a 
short time, as the colony increased in numbers, moved to 
Duxbury, where he died October 3, 1656. His grave is sur- 
mounted by four cannon. 

29 



to V- iA^ ■jf'K-a-u.dntifx^ ./roo-Ti/j- , eci" <x.f/'^ foy~ /A&- J'iiT^&^~v*t^, 



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•It was ordjincd she said .Cli. uj .. i... v.. .1 ■,.-.. .,,., ..jv _..tu. uo...; ■,, 

as also for fhe I'urJcring of our trade, that no corue, beans, or pease, be tr 
noiiied, ixsbAilceu or sold to that end to be convared out of the {■.-:<"->• •> •' 
tha leaue ^ liceuco of the Goucriioiir ^ Couasell ; tha bicacli 
paiiiiii.-'ii v.\>^, Vl,! of the goods no takea or x>rout>d to ba - ,.- , . 
*<■••■ , r puinshcd, or both at the disctntiou of y' C^ou' i^co-.-.n 

1! v,M, agrrcd vpon bylhf whole courts held tha .tj. of .fti. <. ' 
from Sscnccforward no dwelling-home was to bo coactcd vi''.\^ 
■' ■ ■ ■ ^,tr;»tt'; rettl, (fi. but with cither bord, or pde or the ni-.- : v, 
»•■ rre to be new build Iq the towue. 



F9RST CUSTOM HOUSE ORDEf^ / N 
AMERtCA, AA/D THATCHED ROOF 
ORDER 



upon the death of Gov. Carver, which occurred in the 
spring of 1621, Bradford was appointed in his stead. The ship 
Fortune arrived, bringing stores and thirty-five emigrants, 
followed directly by the Anne, with thirty-one. From this 
time on additions to the colony were many, until in 1629 there 
were nearly three hundred people that year who witnessed the 
last of emigration from Leyden, and between 1630 and 1633 
many of the colonists began to seek homes outside the little 
town of Plymouth; some moved to Duxbury, Marshfield, 
Eastham, Scituate, Taunton, Rehoboth, Sandwich, Yarmouth, 
and Dartmouth. Among those who settled in Duxbury were 
Myles Standish, Love Brewster, Samuel Eaton, Joseph 
Rogers, and Henry Sampson ; those settled in Dartmouth were 
John Cooke, George Soule ; those in Scituate, Res'olved White, 
the brother of Perigrene \¥hite, the first white child who was 
born in New England, in Provincetown harbor December 
7th, 1620, and Richard More, whose name is said to have 
been changed to Mann; he died in Scituate, 1656. It is 
believed that upon a portion of the land which he owned is 
now situated the magnificent estate of Mr. Thomas W. Law- 
son, known as Dreamwold, which is considered the most 
beautiful gentleman's estate on the coast of America. Those 
who went to Yarmouth were Francis Billington, Edward 
Doty, Samuel Fuller, Giles. Hopkins. 

About the year 1634 people from the Massachusetts 
Bay colony, in Salem and Boston, began to settle within the 
domain of the Pilgrims, and with few exceptions these 
people were the only ones thereafter to increase the colony. 
When the General Court, consisting of deputies from the 
several towns, was established in 1639, so large had been the 
emigration from the Massachusetts Bay colony that six 
towns or settlements, besides Plymouth on the south shore, 
were represented. 

The colonists had suffered in the way of securing pas- 
tors for the church, and in the main the religious teachings 
were by Elder William Brewster and others, but in 1632 
Roger Williams left the Salem church, where he was assist- 
ant to the Rev. Samuel Skelton, the pastor, and came to 
Plymouth, where, as Bradford records, "he exercised his gifts 
amongst them, and after some time was admitted a member 
of the church," but within a year he caused great dissatis- 
faction by promulgating the views through a paper, in which 

31 






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he asserted that the charter gave no title to the land ; that 
the colonists were guilty of sin in taking the land from the 
Indians without a title from them ; that King James told a 
solemn public lie, because in his patent he blessed God that 
he was the first Christian prince that had discovered this 
land, and also cast several other severe reflections upon 
King James and King Charles. 

The leaders, at an held meeting of the church, rebuked 
him for this and by vote inscribed upon the church records 
dismissed him from further service with them. As the years 
passed the Pilgrim colonists and the Massachusetts Bay 
people gradually came closer together, until finally they 
appeared to be one people, but they continued under the wise 
administration of Brewster, who died in 1643 j of Winslow, 
who left for England in 1646; of Standish, who died in 1656; 
of Bradford, who died in 1657; and from that time the orginal 
settlers gradually passed away; Elder Cushman in 1691, leav- 
ing a widow who was Mary Allerton, who as a girl eleven 
years of age came over in the Mayflower, and John Cooke, 
as the only original survivors. John Cooke passed on in i6g8, 
and in 1699 Mary Allerton Cushman, the last survivor of the 
Mayflower Pilgrims, was laid to rest in the land on Burial 
Hill, which she learned to love so well. What lessons those 
people taught us. What humanizing precepts they instilled 
into each other, and in later years others with whom they 
came in contact, and the spirit which they imbued in the peo- 
ple is reflected in the present solidified patriotism of the nation. 
Upon Governor Bradford's monument is ini«cribed these 
words, *'Do not basely relinquish what the fathers with dif- 
ficulty attained." The spirit of those words has come down 
to us generation after generation, until they have become 
a concrete part of the people and the nation. 

Hallowed is the spot where these people landed, lived, 
died. Hallowed now and evermore their memory. 



33 



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-^ 



THE PASSENGERS OF THE MAYFLOWER 

Who these revered forefathers were and of their history 
the interest never fails, and to their descendants the immortal 
roster is ever welcome reading. In Governor William Brad- 
ford's history the names of all who came over in the May- 
flower, with their later histories, are given in his own hand- 
writing, and are herewith given in the original phraseology, 
and in addition, a photographic illustration from his history of 
the first page of the list.. All the subsequent pages are in the 
same style of writing and arrangement. It will be noticed 
that the manner of spelling proper names was different in 
those days than at present, and to that no doubt is attributable 
the difficulty some experience in tracing their ancestry back to 
the Pilgrims. 

From Gov'r Bradford's History 

The names of those which came over first, in ye year 1620, 
and were by the blessing of God the first beginers and (in 
a sort) the foundation of all the plantations and colonies 
in New-England, and their families. 

Mr. John Carver ; Katherine, his w^ife ; Desire Minter, & 2. 
man-servants, John Howland, Roger Wilder; William 
Latham, a boy, & a maid servant & a child yt was put 
to him called Jasper More. 

Mr. William Brewster; Mary, his wife; with 2 sons, whose 
names were Love & Wrasling; and a boy was put to him 
called Richard More ; and another of his brothers. The 
rest of his children were left behind & came over after- 
wards. 

Mr. AVilliam Winslow; Elizabeth, his wife; & 2 men servants, 
caled Georg Sowle and Elias Story; also a little girle was 
put to him, caled Ellen, the sister of Richard More. 

William Bradford, and Dorothy, his wife; having but one 
child, a sone, left behind, who came afterward. 

Mr. Isaack Allerton, and Mary, his wife ; with 3 children, 
Bartholomew;, Remember, and Mary; and a servant boy, 
John Hooke. 

Mr. Samuel Fuller, and a servant, caled William Butten. His 
wife was behind & a child, which came afterward. 

John Crakston, and his sone, John Crakston. 

Captain Myles Standish and Rose, his wife. 

Mr. Christopher Martin and his wife, and 2. servants, Salamon 
Prower and John Langemore. 

35 



Mr. William Mullines, and his wife, and 2. children, Joseph 

and Priscila; and a servant, Robert Carter. 
Mr. William Wliite, and Susana, his wife, and one sone caled 

Resolved, and one borne a ship-bord, caled Peregriene; 

and 2. servants, named William Holbeck & Edward 

Thomson. 
Mr. Steven Hopkins & Elizabeth, his wife, and 2. children, 

caled Giles and Constanta, a doughter, both by a former 

wife and 2. more by this wife, caled Damaris and 

Oceanus; the last w^as borne at sea; and 2 servants caled 

Edward Doty and Edward Litster. 
Mr. Richard Warren; but his wife and children were lefte 

behind, and came afterwards. 
John Billinton, and Elen, his wife, and 2. sons, John & 

Francis. 
Edward Tillie, and Ann, his wife; and 2. children that were 

their cossens, Henery Samson and Humillity Coper. 
John Tillie, and his wife ; and Elizabeth, their daughter. 
Francis Cooke, and his sone John. But his wife & other 

children came afterwards. 
Thomas Rogers, and Joseph, his sone. His other children 

came afterwards. 
Thomas Tinker, and his wife, and a sone. 
John Rigdale, and Alice, his wife. 
James Chilton, and his wife, and Mary, their doughter. They 

had an other doughter, yt was maried came afterward. 
Edward Fuller, and his wife and Samuell, their sone. 
John Turner, and sones. He had a doughter came some 

years after to Salem, where she lives. 
Francis Eaton, and Sarah, his wife, and Samuele, their sone, 

a yong child. 
Moyses Fletcher, John Goodman, Thomas Williams, Digerie 

Preist, Edmond Margeson, Peter Browne, Richard Brit- 

terige, Richard Clarke, Richard Gardenar, Gilbart 

Winslow. 
John Alden, was hired for a cooper at South-Hampton, wher 

the ship victuled; and being a hopfuU yong man, was 
much desired, but left to his owne liking to go or stay 

when he came here, but he stayed and maryed here. 
John Allerton and Thomas Enlish were both hired, the later 
to goe mr of a shalop here, and ye other was reputed as 
one of ye company, but was to go back (being a seaman) 

37 



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for the help of others behind. But they both dyed here 

before the ship returned. 
There were allso other 2, seamen hired to stay a year here in 

the country, WilHam Trevore, and one Ely. But when 

their time was out they both returned. 
These> bening aboute a hundred sowls, came over in this first 

ship ; and began this worke, which God of his goodnes 

hath hithertoo blesed; let his holy name have ye praise. 

In the 3^ear 1650 Governor Bradford, feeling that his 
histor}^, although finished as far as the record to 1648, was 
not complete without giving all the particulars of those who 
came over in the Mayflower, added to it as follows, and it is 
the last that he wrote : 

And seeing it hath pleased him to give me to see 30. years 
compleated since these beginings; and that the great 
works of his providence are to be observed, I have 
thought it not unworthy my paines to take a view of the 
decreasings and increasings of these persons, and such 
changs as hath pased over them &; theirs in this thirty 
years. It may be of some use to such as come after; but, 
however, I shall rest in my owne benefite. I will therfore 
take them in order as they lye. 

Mr. Carver and his wife dyed the first year; he in ye spring, 
she in ye somer; also, his man Roger and ye litle boy 
Jasper dyed before either of them, of ye commone infec- 
tion. Desire Minter returned to her friends, & proved 
not very well, and dyed in England. His servant boy 
Latham, after more than 20. years stay in the country, 
went into England, and from thence .to the Bahamy 
Islands in ye West Indies, and ther, with some others, 
was starved for want of food. His maid servant maried, 
& dyed a year or tow after, here in this place. His ser- 
vant, John Howland, maried the doughter of John Tillie, 
Elizabeth, and they are both now living and have 10. 
children, now all living; and their eldest daughter hath 
4. children. And ther 2. daughter, i. all living; and other 
of their children mariagable. So 15. are come of them. 

Mr. Brewster lived to very old age; about 80. years he was 
when he dyed, having lived some 23. or 24. years here in 
ye countrie; & though his wife dyed long before, yet 

39 



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FIRST PAGE OF GOV. BRADFORD'S HISTORY 



she dyed aged. His sone Wrastle dyed a yonge rtian 
unmaried ; his sone Love lived till this year 1650, and 
dyed and left 4. children now living. His doughters 
which came over after him are dead, but have left sun- 
dry children alive; his eldest sone is still liveing, and 
hath 9. or 10. children; one maried who hath a child or 2. 

Richard More, (his brother dyed the first winter;) but he is 
maried and hath 4. or 5. children all living. 

Mr. Ed. Winslow his wife dyed the first winter; and he 
maried with the widow of Mr. White, and hath 2. chil- 
dren living by her marigable, besids sundry that are 
dead. One of his servants dyed, as also the little girle, 
soone after the ships arivall. But his man Georg Sowle, 
is still living, and have 8. children. 

William Bradford his wife dyed soone after their arivall ; 
and he maried againe; and hath 4. children, 3. whereof 
are maried. 

Mr. Allerton his wife dyed with the first, and his servant 
John Hooke. His sone Bartle is maried in England, 
but I know not how many children he hath. His dough- 
ter Remember is maried at Salem & hath 3. or 4. 
children living. And his doughter Mary is maried here, 
and hath 4. children. Him selfe maried againe with ye 
. doughter of Mr. Brewster, & hath one sone living by her, 
but she is long since dead. And he is maried againe, 
and hath left this place long agoe. So I account his 
increase to be 8. besids his sons in England. 

Mr. Fuller, (his servant dyed at sea) ; and after his wife came 
over, he had tow children by her, which are living and 
growne up to years; but he dyed some 15. years agoe. 

John Crakston dyed in the first mortality; and about some 
5. or 6. years after, his sone dyed ; having lost him selfe 
in ye wodes, his feet became frosen, which put him into 
a feavor, of which he dyed. 

Captain Standish his wife dyed in the first sicknes, and he 
maried againe, and hath 4. sones liveing, and some are 
dead. 

Mr. Martin, he & all his, dyed in the first infection not long 
after the arivall. 

Mr. Molines, and his wife, his sone, and his servant, dyed 
the first winter. Only his doughter Priscila survived, 
and maried with John Alden, who are both living and 







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^fYLBS^TA^^iSH SiCNATURE 



have II. children. And their eldest doughter is maried 
& have 5. children. 

Mr. White and his 2. servants dyed soone after ther landing, 
his wife maried with Mr. Winslow (as is before noted). 
His 2 sones are maried, and Resolved hath 5. children, 
Perigrine tow, all living. So their increase are 7. 

Mr. Hopkins and his wife are now both dead, but they lived 
above 20. years in this place, and had one sone and 4. 
doughters borne here. Ther sone became a seaman, & 
dyed at Barbadoes ; one daughter dyed here, and 2. are 
maried ; one of them hath 2. children ; & one is yet to 
mary. So their increase which still survive are 5. But 
his sone Giles is maried and hath 4. children. His 
doughter Constanta is also maried and hath 12. children, 
all of them living and one of them maried. 

Mr. Richard Warren lived some 4. or 5. years, and had his 
wife come over to him, by whom he had 2. sones before 
dyed ; and one of them is maryed, and hath 2. children. 
So his increase is 4. But he had 5. doughters more, came 
over with his wife, who are all maried, & living & have 
many children. 

John Billinton, after he had been here 10. years, was 
executed for killing a man; and his eldest sone dyed 
before him; but his 2. sone is alive and maried & hath 
8. children. 

Edward Tillie and his wife both dyed soon after their arivall ; 
and the girle Humility, their cousen, was sent for into 
England and dyed ther. But the youth Henery Samson 
is still living, and is maried & hath 7. children. 

John Tillie and his wife both dyed a litle after they came 
ashore ; and their doughter Elizabeth maried with John 
Howland, and hath issue as is before noted. 

Francis Cooke is still living a very olde man, and hath scene 
his childrens children have children ; after his wife came 
over, (with other of his children,) he hath 3. still living 
by her, all maried, and have 5. children ; so their increase 
is 8. And his sone John, which came over with him is 
maried, and hath 4. children living. 

Thomas Rogers dyed in the first sicknes, but his sone Joseph, 
is still living, and is maried, and hath 6. children. The 
rest of Thomas Rogers (children) came over & are 
maried & have many children. 

Thomas Tinker, his wife and sone all dyed in the first sicknes. 

43 





PL YM O U TH C/iA f^ TER 




And so did John Rigdale and his wife. 

James Chilton and his wife also dyed in the first infection. 

But their daughter Mary is still living and hath 9. 

children ; and one daughter is maried, & hath a child ; 

so their increase is 10. 

Edward Fuller and his wife dyed soone after they came 
ashore; but their sone Samuell is living, & maried, and 
hath 4. children or more. 

John Turner and his 2. sones all dyed in the first siknes, 
but he hath a daughter still living at Salem, well maried 
and approved of. 

Francis Eaton his first wife dyed in the general! sicknes ; 
and he maried againe, & his 2. wife dyed, & he maried 
the 3. and had by her 3. children. One of them is maried, 
& hath a child; the other are living, but one of them 
is an ideote. He dyed about 16. years agoe. His sone 
Samuell, who came over a suckling child, is allso maried, 
and hath a child. 

Moyses Fletcher, Thomas Williams, Digerie Preist, John 
Goodman, Edmond Margeson, Richard Britteridge, Rich- 
ard Clarke. All these dyed sone after their arivall, in 
the generall sicknes that befell. But Digerie Preist had 
his wife & children sent hither afterwards, she being 
Mr. Allertons sister. But the rest left no posteritie here. 

Richard Gardinar beame a seaman, and dyed in England or 
at sea. 

Gilbert Winslow, after diverse years aboad here, returned 
into England and dyed ther. 

Peter Brone maried twise. By his first wife he had 2. chil- 
dren, who are living, & both of them maried, and the 
one of them have 2. children ; by his second wife he had 
2. more. He dyed about 16. years since. 

Thomas English and John Allerton dyed in the generall 
siknes. 

John Alden maried with Priscila, Mr. Mollines his doughter, 
and had issue by her as is before related. 

Edward Doty & Edward Litster, the servants of Mr. Hop- 
kins. Litster, after he was at liberty, went to Virginia 
and ther dyed, but Edward Doty by a second wife hath 
7. children, and both he and they are living. 

45 





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Of these lOO. persons which came first over in this first ship 
together, the greater halfe dyed in the generall mortaHty; 
and most of them in 2. or three monthes time. And for 
those which survived, though some were ancient & past 
procreation, & others left ye place and countrie, yet of 
those few remaining are sprunge up above 160. persons, 
in this 30. years, and are now living in this presente 
yeare, 1650, besids many of their children which are dead, 
and come not within this account. 

And of the old stock (of one & other) ther lire yet living this 
present year, 1650, nere 30. persons. 

Let the Lord have ye praise, who is the High Preserver of 
men. 

To the Bradford history was later added by some un- 
known hand the following: 

Twelfe person liveing of the old stock this present yeare 1679. 
Two persons liveing that came over in the first shipe, 1620, this 

present yeare, 1690. Resolved White and Mary Cushman, 

the daughter of Mr. Allerton. 
'^And John Cooke, the son of Francis Cooke that came in the 

first ship is still liveing this present yeare 1694. 
And Mary Cushman is still living this present year 1698. 

And so ends this precious memorial of the forefathers. 
Written by hands long since at rest, the record brings to the 
heart as we read it emotions of the greatest reverence. To 
perfect the chronology, it may be noted, that of the three 
last survivors mentioned above. Resolved White died in 1680, 
John Cooke in 1694, and Mary Allerton Cushman, the last, 
in 1699. 

As an appendix to this list by Governor Bradford, of the 
Mayflower Pilgrims, it has been thought advisable to give 
such additional matter as could be obtained relative to whom 
these people were married and their removals. It is to be 
understood that after a lapse of three centuries the authen- 
ticity cannot be guaranteed, but it has been procured from 
the best obtainable source and is believed to be correct : 

47 




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John Alden, was the last survivor of those who signed the 
compact, and died September 12, 1687, aged 87 years; 
married Priscilla Mullins and had eleven children. 

Isaac Allerton, married first in 161 1 Mary Norris of New- 
bury, England; she died in 1621 ; second, Fear Brewstei, 
daughter of Elder William Brewster; she died December 
12, 1634, leaving one son ; third, he married Joanna 

, whose name and death date are unknown. He 

died 1659. 

Mary Allerton, who married Elder Thomas Cushman, was 
the last survivor, and died 1699. ^^^^ ^^^ four children. 

Remember Allerton, married Moses Maverick of Salem, and 
died at unknown date, leaving four children. 

Eleanor Billinton, the widow of John, who was hanged for 
murder in 1630, married Gregory Armstrong in 1638, and 
died in 1650. 

Francis Billinton, son of Eleanor and John, married the widow 
of Christian Eaton, by whom he had eight children; he 
removed in 1645 to Yarmouth, and died there in 1650. 

William Bradford, the author of the priceless history, was 
married first to Dorothy May, who was di owned in the 
harbor at Provincetown, December 7, 1620. He married 
a second wife, Alice Carpenter Southworth, the date of 
whose death is unknown. He died May 9, 1657. 

William Brewster, married Mary , who died 1626. He 

died April 16, 1643. 

Love Brewster, son of William, married, 1634, Sarah, daugh- 
ter of William Collier. He removed to Duxbury, where he 
died 1650, leaving ten children. 

Wrestling Brewster, son of William, died when quite young; 
never married. 

Peter Browne, married the widow Martha Ford, and died in 
1633, leaving four children, all of whom married. 

Jams Chilton, died in Provincetown harbor, December 8, 1620, 
and his wife early 1621. 

Mary Chilton, their daughter, married John Winslow, and 
had ten children. 

Francis Cooke, by his wife Esther had one son, John. He 
had severe differences over religious matters with the 
leaders and removed to Dartmouth, where he espoused 
the Baptist faith, and became a minister, but later he 
returned to Plymouth, where he died 1663. 

^ 49 



John Cooke, his son, removed to Dartmouth, with his father, 
where he died, it is supposed, about 1694, leaving four 
children. 

Humility Cooper, returning to England died there unmarried. 

Edward Doty, married Faith Clarke, who was probably his 
second wife; they had nine children, some of whom re- 
moved to New Jersey, Long Island, and elsewhere. He 
removed to Yarmouth, where he died August 23, 1655. 
He came as a servant to Stephen Hopkins, and was 
headstrong and wild in his youth. He was one of the 
principals in the first duel ever fought in New England. 

Francis Eaton, and his first wife Sarah, who came with 
him, had one son, Samuel. He married the second time, 
and also a third time to Christian Penn, in 1627. He 
died 1633, leaving three children. 

Samuel Eaton, his son, married in 1661, Martha Billington. 
He removed to Duxbury in 1663, and later to Middle- 
boro, where he died 1684, leaving one child. 

Moses Fletcher, married a widow named Sarah Dingby in 
1613. He died February, 1621. 

Edward Fuller, and his wife both died about 1635, leaving 
one son, Samuel, and a daughter. 

Samuel Fuller, the son of Edward, married in 1635, Jane, 
the daughter of the Rev. John Lothrop; he removed to 
Barnstable, where he died October 31, 1683. He left 
many descendants. 

Dr. Samuel Fuller, a brother of Edward, was the first physi- 
cian ; he married three times ; his first wife was Elsie Glas- 
cock, his second Agnes Carpenter, his third Bridget Lee. 
He died in 1633, leaving a son named Samuel, who settled 
in Middleboro, married and left in that section numerous 
descendants. 

Stephen Hopkins, who came with his second wife Elizabeth, 
and two children, Giles and Constanta, by his first wife. 
On the voyage over a child was born to them, whom 
they named Oceana, but she died in 1621. His wife died 
about 1642, and he died 1644. By his second wife he had 
one son and four daughters, the latter all married. 

Giles Hopkins, son of Stephen, married, in 1639, Catharine 
Wheldon. He removed to Yarmouth and later to East- 
ham ; he died about 1690, leaving four children. 

Constance Hopkins (or Constanta), daughter of Stephen, 
married Nicholas Snow; they settled in Eastham and 

51 



had twelve children. Constance died in 1677. He died 
in 1676. 

Damaris Hopkins, was a daughter, born to Stephen and 
Elizabeth at Plymouth shortly after their arrival ; she 
married Jacob Cooke. There is no record of them to be 
found other than their marriage. 

John Howland, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Tilley. 
He died February 23, 1673, over 80 years of age ; his 
wife died December 21, 1687, aged 80 years, leaving ten 
children and eight grandchildren. 

Desire Minter, returned to England and died there. 

Richard More, removed to Scituate and changed his name to 

Mann. He died there in 1656. He was married and left 

five children. 

William Mullins, came with his wife, son Joseph, and daugh- 
ter Priscilla. He, his wife, and son died the first winter, 
and 

Priscilla Mullins, daughter of William, married John Alden, 

1623, and they had eleven children ; date of her death ; 

John's 1687. Their eldest daughter in 1650 had five 
children. 

Digory Priest, married widow Sarah Vincent, sister of Isaac 
Allerton. He died January i, 1621. 

Joseph Rogers, son of Thomas, who died in 1621, married 
and removed to Duxbury, then to Sandwich, then to 
Eastham, where he died in 1678, leaving six children. 

Henry Sampson, settled in Duxbury, where he married in 
1636 Ann Plummer; he died 1684, leaving seven children. 

George Soule, married Mary Becket, removed to Duxbury, 
was Deputy Governor six years, owner of land in Bridge- 
water, Dartmouth and Middleboro; his wife died 1677, 
and he died 1680, leaving eight children. 

Myles Standish's first wife. Rose, died February 8, 1621. He 
married a second time and at his death, in 1656, he left 
four sons. He owned considerable land at Duxbury, 
where he lived and died. 

Richard Warren, married widow Elizabeth Marsh, by whom 
he had several children; he died in 1628; one of his 
sons married and had two children. The others mar- 
ried, but their offspring is not recorded. 

William White, had two sons by his wife Susanna ; Resolved 
and Peregriene, who was the first white child born in 

53 



New England. William, the father, died February 21, 
1621 ; his widow married three months later Edward 
Winslow, afterwards Governor, whose wife had died two 
months previous to his marriage to widow White. 
Resolved White, married first, Judith, daughter of William 
Vassall. He lived at Scituate, where he owned consider- 
able land; he also at one time resided at Marshfield and 
lastly at Salem, where he married on October 5, 1674, 
widow Abigail Lord, and died 1680, leaving five chil- 
dren. He was a prominent member of the Scituate Mili- 
tary Company. 

Peregriene White, died 1704, leaving two children. He went 
to New York state. 

Edward Winslow, was married in Leyden, England, 1618, to 
Elizabeth Barker; she died March 24, 1621, and he mar- 
ried his second wife, the widow of William White, in 
May following. By her he had two children, who mar- 
ried and had children. He was Governor of the colony 
three years. He returned to England in 1646, and re- 
mained. Died 1654. 



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GOVERNOR BRADFORD'S HISTORY 
54 



STORY OF THE PURITANS 




REPLICA OF ST. GAUDENS STATUE OF DEACON CHAPIN 
OWNED BY THE HOTEL PURITAN, BOSTON 




^^^^^\A)\Wm^^U 



STORY OF THE PURITANS 

THE Puritan was in himself and in all that he did a vital 
and distinct power in founding and building the insti- 
tutions of New England, supplementing the Pilgrims' 
work and carrying it forward with that energy and force so 
characteristic of the Puritan nature, a force acquired during 
nearly a century, beginning early in Elizabeth's reign, about 
1558, and exemplified in its predominance b}^ the creation of 
English freedom. Historians accord to the Puritans the 
creation of the English Constitution and the establishment 
of the Modern House of Commons, that House that was so 
feeble when the Puritans came into power in it that it was 
the cringing agency and timid instrument of despotism. He 
built that House to be the strongest, freest, most respected 
body the world had ever had. \\hen he came into power 
that body was naught but a register of the King's will. When 
he left his seat in it, it was supreme in registering the national 
will. All who opposed him in his reformation of the nation 
he brushed aside or crushed. Stopping at nothing in his 
onward sweep, king, ministers, prelates, all bent their heads 
over the block as the axe fell. And in one brief century he 
made the name of Englishman the highest title of honor 
that any man on earth could hold. It was Macaulay who 
said, ''The dread of his invincible army was on all the inhabit- 
ants of the island." And it was that invincible spirit, un- 
conquerable in all that it determined upon, that was brought 
to New England by those Puritan pioneers in the spring of 
1624, when Thomas Gardener, John Tilley, and a few others 
set sail in a small ship of but fifty tons and made settlement 
on Cape Ann, now Gloucester. They were the agents of the 
Dorchester Company, engaged for one year, instructed to 
establish a plantation and trading post in connection with the 
fishing industry. The company had in contemplation the 
idea that by establishment of a plantation during the time 
the men were not engaged in fishing, they could cultivate the 
land, raising sufficient cereals, with the wild game and fish,, 
as would give them support the year round, and would enable 



them to also use the products in their trading for furs with 
the Indians, and so an arrangement was eitected with Gov- 
ernor Bradford of the Plymouth colony, who owned the 
land (which was a part of the territory granted them by Lord 
Sheffield under a patent), to occupy for this purpose the land 
at Cape Ann. 

In the spring of 1625 the Dorchester Company engaged 
Roger Conant, who was then living at Nantasket, having 
through disagreement left the Plymouth colony, to be their 
Governor, taking full charge of the enterprise at Cape Ann. 
Notwithstanding that the company sent many vessels, men, 
stores, and cattle, the project, for one reason or another, failed 
to develop the success hoped for, and in the fall of 1626 
the company abandoned the enterprise, selling their vessels, 
and many of the planters returned to England, but about 
thirty, which included women and children, and among whom 
was John Woodberry, John Balch, Peter Palfrey, Goodman 
Norman, William Allen, and Walter Knight, at the earnest 
solicitation of Roger Conant, decided to remam, and under 
his direction they removed to Naumkeag, now Salem, erected 
houses and began preparation for planting, in which for the 
next two seasons they were fairly successful. A patent was 
granted March 19th, 1628, by ''The Council for New Eng- 
land," so called by the company, whose legal name under 
the charter was "The Governor and Company of Massa- 
chusetts Bay in New England," for land several miles in 
extent around Salem to Henry Roswell, John Young, John 
Endicott, and others. A new company being formed, with 
many substantial men joining the enterprise, ships, men, and 
supplies were provided, and John Endicott placed in com- 
mand of the expedition with instructions to proceed to 
Naumkeag, take over and in charge the late Dorchester Com- 
pany's effects, carry on the plantation and to make "way 
for the settling of another colony on Massachusetts Bay." 
Sailing June 20th, 1628, in the ship Abigail, from Weymouth, 
England, they arrived at Naumkeag September 6th with 
thirty men aboard. Their arrival made the total number of 
colonists about sixty. But this expedition had a greater 
intent behind it than the mere planting, fishing, and trading, 
as was generally supposed. The interest in the patent and 
new company, which was held by Roswell, Young, and some 
others, was purchased b}^ John Winthrop, Isaac Johnson, 
Gofife, Dudley, Craddock, Saltonstall, and others, and their 

59 



purchase of these interests was for the sole purpose of provid- 
ing an asylum for the persecuted non-Conformists, beyond the 
reach of ecclesiastical tyranny. It is then to religious 
considerations entirely that we must attribute the settling of 
the Puritans' colony in America. No country in the world 
can deduce its origin from men so guided by pure and 
disinterested motives as those which influenced the first 
settlers of Massachusetts and New England; for neither the 
country in its wildness, which they proposed to inhabit, nor 
the success of the former adventurers, held out sufficient 
inducements to stimulate either avarice or ambition. They 
were men of firmness and resolution, ready to endure every 
suffering for the sake of civil and religious freedom, to level 
forests, where savage beasts and men had roamed in undis- 
turbed possession for centuries, and make dwelling places 
amid such surroundings — and they did. Upon Endicott's 
arrival and superseding Conant in the governorship, there 
was great discontent manifested by the first planters, but 
Conant's moderation and wisdom soon overcame this. . 

The favorable accounts that Endicott sent to England 
of his success and the prosperous condition of the plantation, 
gave such encouragement that the interest of several persons 
of competent estates was awakened and they agreed to 
embark themselves for a voyage to New England, and to 
make up a large company, which should^ consist of skilled 
workmen and artisans of all crafts, besides large quantities 
of stores of subsistence, swine, cattle, and horses, and also 
to send over ministers to afford religious instruction to the 
vast number who would emigrate. Mathew Cradock, who 
was the Governor of the colony in England, wrote Endicott 
in February, 1629, "that in the spring they would send in 
four ships, about three hundred people, and one hundred 
cattle and requests that he have houses built for as many as 
possible ; that three ministers at least would be sent, to 
whom was left the manner of exercising their ministry, and 
that the council have confirmed him as Governor of the 
colony and have appointed as his council the Rev. Samuel 
Skelton, Rev. Francis Higginson, Rev. Francis Bright, Mr. 
John Brown, Mr. Samuel Brown, Mr. Thomas Graves, and 
Mr. Samuel Sharpe." 

The twentieth of April, 1629, the expedition was started^ 
On that date the ship George Bonaventure sailed from 
Gravesend, carrying twenty cannon, with fifty-two planters 

61 



and the Rev. Samuel Skelton, his wife, an-d three children. 
Mr. Skelton, who had been the rector of the old Sempringham 
Church for several years, was an extreme non-Conformist, 
for which he had been removed from his church, and as those 
in charge of the sending out the colonists were well aware 
of this, it is to be supposed they were of the same faith. The 
ship George arrived at Salem, June 22d. The ship Talbot 
sailed April 25th, carrying twenty-four cannon, one hundred 
planters, cattle, and provisions, and also Rev. Francis Hig- 
ginson and family, arriving at Salem, June 29th. The Lion's 
Whelp sailed and arrived the same day as did the Talbot, 
bringing over eight cannon, stores, and provisions, and about 
fifty planters, also Rev. Francis Bright. These ships were 
followed by the Four Sisters and Mayflower, the historic 
ship which brought over in 1620 the little band of Pilgrims 
who landed at Plymouth and made the first settlement of 
New England. 

Upon the arrival of the ships at Salem, they found that 
Endicott had built several houses, and had erected a church 
for their spiritual use (this church, it is claimed, is the one 
which now stands in the rear of the Essex Institute in Salem) ; 
the question whether it is such or a house used by the 
Quakers or was a stable, has been much mooted, and has 
never been satisfactorily determined and probably never will 
be, as there does not exist a shred of documentary proof 
that it was the original first church. In fact, its construction 
bears every evidence that it was not ; it is of a size that would 
scarcely hold a hundred people, and its conformation inside 
resembles precisely that of a stable. The timbers of which 
it is constructed are too finely finished for the period when 
supposedly, or as all the records tell us, the houses and 
buildings of this period were all built of logs or stone with 
crevices filled with clay. But the strongest evidence that it 
was not the original church lays in the fact that Governor 
Endicott was aware that over three hundred planters were 
coming in the spring of 1629, and that immediately following 
them large numbers would in addition be sent as rapidly as 
possible, and these added to the sixty already with him would 
make such a population that it would require a house many 
times larger than the little affair, which at this late day it is 
endeavored to exploit as the first church. To believe that it 
was, is to believe that Governor Endicott was void of com- 
mon sense, and surely history gives us the evidence that of 

63 




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that he was most plentifully endowed. Another strong argu- 
ment against it being the first church and which many- 
consider conclusive, is that Young in his Chronicles of Mas- 
sachusetts, on page 259, says : ''Mr. Higginson, a short time 
after his arrival, wrote a most glowing account of the 
plantation," and said, "When we came first to Naumkeag we 
found half a score of houses and a fair house, newly built, for 
the Governor; and there are in all of us, both old and new 
planters, about three hundred, whereof two hundred of them 
are settled at Naumkeag and the rest have planted themselves 
at Massachusetts Bay, beginning to build a town there which 
we do call Charlestown." 

Immediately upon the arrival of these immigrants 
arrangements were begun for forming a church organization, 
which Was to be entirely independent of the Church of Eng- 
land; this under their charter they had a right to do, and 
as they had come away from the forms and ceremonies of 
the church at home, they determined to free themselves from 
it. On July 20th following, the colonists after fasting, pray- 
ing, and listening to a sermon, chose the Rev. Samuel Skelton 
as their pastor and Rev. Mr. Higginson as teacher. After 
a prayer by Mr. Higginson, he and several of the gravest 
men consecrated Mr. Skelton. by the imposition of hands, 
after which Mr. Skelton consecrated Mr. Higginson in the 
same way. August 6th following was a day of fasting and 
prayer, the selection and installing of deacons and elders, 
and the presentation and adoption of a covenant according to 
their interpretation of the Scriptures. And now they estab- 
lished a church which excluded all other church organizations. 
They did not leave the Church of England or its ordinances, 
but they abandoned the book of common prayer and its cere- 
monies, believing them to be sinful corruptions in the worship 
of God. It was thus that the foundation and organization 
was made of the first Congregational Church in America. At 
a meeting of the company in England on October 20th, 1629, 
Mr. John Winthrop was chosen to be the Governor for the 
ensuing year, and transfer of the government to New Eng- 
land was made, and in March following the great exodus be- 
gan, some thirteen vessels landing at Salem over fifteen hun- 
dred immigrants, among whom was Governor Winthrop, who 
came in the Arabella, arriving June 12th, 1630, as did Thomas 
Dudley, Richard Saltonstall, Isaac Johnson, John Endicott, 
Increase Nowell, William Vassall, William P3mchon, Roger 

65 



Ludlow, Edward Rossiter, Thomas Sharp, John Revell, Ma- 
thew Cradock, Simon Bradstreet, Samuel Aldersey, John 
Venn, Briar Jansen, William Coddington, and Thomas Adams, 
all chosen assistants to Governor Windirop, 

Within a few days of his arrival, Winthrop and some of 
his assistants selected Charlestown as being suitable for 
settlement as the principal seat of government, but upoa 
further exploration being made by others, it was agreed that 
Newtowne, now Cambridge, was preferable, and it was chosen, 
but owing to sickness from scurvy and fevers contracted on 
the voyage, it was decided to defer the removal to Cambridge, 
that some should remain at Charlestown and others select 
locations in the neighboring country, erect houses and pre- 
pare for the coming winter. Winthrop, Rev. Mr. Bright, and 
some others took residence in the great house Endicott had 
built at Charlestown for the Governor. Saltonstall, Phillips, 
and a company went to Watertown; Pynchon and others to 
Roxbury; Cradock and others to Medford, Boston, Dor- 
chester, and Lynn. Upon landing the supplies from the 
vessels it was found that a great quantity had become spoiled 
during the passage over. Knowing that want and privation 
would exist before the winter was over, Winthrop sent the 
Lion to England for supplies, requesting that great expedition 
be made in the journey. 

There were many deaths among the immigrants before 
the winter was half over, more than two hundred having died 
from disease contracted on the journey over and from lung 
troubles contracted from insufficient housing and food, for the 
winter was very severe and the stock of provisions so ex- 
hausted that hundreds of the people sustained life only by dig- 
ging and eating clams and muscles and bread made from 
acorns, but dire disaster was averted by the return of the Lion, 
February 5th, 1631, with an abundance of provisions for all. 
During the month of August, 1630, Mr. Isaac Johnson moved 
over to and settled in Boston ; he is accredited with being 
the principal cause of settling the town of Boston and so of its 
becoming the metropolis of New England. He chose for his, 
lot the great square that lay within what is now Washington, 
Tremont, Court, and School streets, and at his death, Sep- 
tember 30th, he was buried in that portion of his lot where 
now stands King's Chapel, and thus began the first cemetery 
in Boston. Soon after Mr. Johnson's death Winthrop and 
his assistants decided to remove to Boston, taking with him 

66 



his partially built house frame, and in November a company 
of goodly numbers had erected houses there; these houses 
were constructed with logs and the open places filled in with 
clay, while the roofs were thatched; one room sufficed for the 
family, with one fireplace, earthen floor, and scarcely any 
furniture other than that roughly hewn from the logs. Surely 
th'e establishment of a home in the Boston of 1630 is not 
sufficiently attractive in 1910 to excite emulation upon the 
part of any one, and yet those Purrtans with a steadfast 
purpose in mind were happy and contented in their primitive 
surroundings, and endured untold sufferings without com- 
plaint. The selection of Boston as a capital town was made 
after due deliberation. Salem they had found not pleasing; 
Cambridge, Watertown, Medford were too far inland, while 
Charlestown did not in its location offer so good a place 
for defence as did Boston, where, by building a fort out on 
the neck, they could well and successfully defend themselves 
from any attack made by the Indians on the land side, while 
one made by water was not to be apprehended from a fleet 
of birch bark canoes, as none could approach from any 
point without being at the mercy of the cannon on the 
several hills, which overlooked both the harbor on the sea 
side and the Charles river on the other. But as ultimately 
decided, the fortifications were not erected, as Chicatabut, 
the Indian chief, assured the settlers of the peaceful inten- 
tions of the Indians, and instead of attacking and repelling 
them from his domains by force of arms, he administered 
to their comfort and even salvation, for upon knowledge 
being given to them of the dire want of the settlers and 
their famishing condition, the Indians brought to them all 
the corn they could spare from their own stores. This 
evidence on the part of the Indians created in the minds 
of the settlers the warmest feelings of friendship, which 
was reciprocated and continued without a break. The set- 
tlers buying from them the land, and paying for the same in 
such goods as the Indians required, to show them that their 
friendship was not of a pretended nature, Governor Winthrop, 
at the order of the General Court held September 7th, caused 
one Thomas Morton to be placed in the stocks, then to be sent 
back to England. All his goods were seized and sold for the 
payment of his debts and to satisfy the Indians for a canoe 
which he had stolen from them, and his house burned in their 
sight as part compensation for the wrongs he had done to them. 

67 



In February, 163 1, Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, 
arrived in the ship Lion, and instead of gomg to Plymoutii 
where the Pilgrims, the main body of Separatists, were 
located, he went to Salem, and was elected to the office of 
assistant to Rev. Samuel Skelton, the pastor of the Salem 
Church, taking the place of the Rev. Francis Higginson, 
who had just died. As the planters at Salem and Boston 
were non-Conformists, this action by the Salem people met 
with condemnation by the Assistants' Court, and Mr. Wil- 
liams at once resigned and departed for Plymouth. In 
September the Rev. John Eliot arrived and was assigned to 




ytrKty. i ^er^ 



the planters in Roxbury, where he at once became the closest 
of friends with the Indians ; **he learned their language and 
preached the Gospel in it to their perfect understanding;" 
he translated the English language into the Indian and wrote 
it in a Bible for them, as well as several other books during 
his long life among them. 

The first session of the General Court was held at 
Boston, May i8th, 1631, when Winthrop was again chosen 
Governor, and the first meeting-house erected upon what is 
now State street, at the corner of Devonshire, with John 
Wilson as pastor. In 1632 some three hundred immigrants 

68 



came over, and in 1633 nearly eight hundred, among whom 
was the Rev. John Cotton, who was chosen teacher of the 
Boston Church. The year 1634 was somewhat of a momentous 
one. Wilham Blackstone, the first white settler of Boston, 
had resided there a few years previous to the arrival of Win- 
throp, and laid claim to the land by right of previous pos- 
session, but entering into an agreement with the Governor 
and Court of Assistants to dispose of the main portion which 
he held, a tax was laid on every householder of six shillings, 
which not being sufficient, others added to the amount until 
thirty pounds was secured, when it was paid over and Black- 
stone released all but six acres, which he retained for his 
own use, to the town, who immediately laid it out for a 
training field and pasture ground for the cattle of the people, 
which to the present time has been known as Boston Com- 
mon; and although since its acquisition by the town many 
attempts have been made to encroach upon it, they have been 
successfully resisted and Boston Common remains, prac- 
tically, as it originally came from Blackstone. 

There had for a year past been great discussion among 
the planters as to the method by which the Governor should 
be elected each year. It had been customary for the Court 
of Assistants alone to do that, but the freemen insisted upon 
their right to participate in so important a matter, and the 
General Court this year agreed that the contention of the 
freemen was well founded, and they passed a law that "the 
Governor, Deputy Governor, and assistants should every 
year be chosen by the whole court of Governor, Deputy 
Governor, assistants, and freemen." The freemen elected this 
year Mr. Dudley as Governor, Mr. Ludlow, deputy, and Mr. 
Coddington, treasurer, and also elected Mr. Winthrop as 
assistant. 

As immigration was heavy and increasing each year, 
Boston seemed to be the place where the majority settled, 
and it became a s'erious matter with the town officials in the 
way of apportioning land to the newcomers, so by order 
of the General Court, a book recording the location and own- 
ership of all lands was begun. It is unfortunate that the 
very earliest pages of the town's records are missing and that 
many of the pages are now almost illegible, yet from 1634 
these precious pages are in a fair state of preservation. As 
far as they are now decipherable they begin as follows : 

69 










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"16345 month 7th, daye present, Jo Winthrop, Wm Cod- 
dington, Capt Underbill, Tho Oliver, Tho Leverett, Giles 
Firmin, Jo Coggeshall, Wm Pierce, Robt Hardinge, Wm 
Brenton. Whereas it hath been founde that much damage 
hath already happened by laying of stones and logges near 
the bridge, and landing place, whereby diverse boats have 
been much bruised; for prevention of such harmes for time 
to come, it is ordered that whosoever shall unlade any stones, 
timber or logges, where the same may not be plainly seen 
at high water, shall set up a pole or beacon to give notice 
thereof, upon paine that whosoever shall faile so to doe, 
shall make full recompense for all such damage as shall 
happen to any boats or other vessels by occasion of such, 
stones, timber or logges, the same to be recovered by way 
of action at the court; and this order to be in force from 
this day forwarde. It is also ordered, that no person shall 
leave any fish or garbage near the said bridge or common 
landing place, between the creeks, whereby any annoyance 
may come to the people that passe that way, upon payne to 
forfeit for each such offence, five shillings, the same to be 
levied by distress of the goods of the offender. And for 
the better execution of these orders, the aforesaid Giles Fir- 
min is appointed overseer of said landing place, to give notice 
to suche strangers and others as come hither with boats, and 
to take knowledge of all offences committed, and to levye 
the penalties which shall be forfeited. And if, after notice 
shall be given by the said overseer, to any person that shall 
have any timber, logges, or stones, being without such pole 
or beacon, the said offender shall (after making recompense 
to the person damnified, if any damage happen) forfeit to 
the towne for^every day the same offence shall continue, five 
shillings to be levied by distresse." An illustration, in the 
original handwriting, which shows the quaint style of 
chirography of those da3^s, is given with this. It shows a part 
of the order as given above, and is particularly interesting as 
being the very first of the official records as given by the 
Puritan forefathers that is in existence. Orders were given 
this year, 1634, empowe'ring the sale of land by the Gov- 
ernor and others to newcomers, "That the towne allot two 
acres to every man able and fit to plant and one acre to every 
able youth ;" "that none but the General Court hath power to 
make and establish laws, to raise money and taxes ; that 
four General Courts should be held each year; that taxes 

71 



p^SfasessEw;^ 




should be laid on property; that no trial shall pass upon 
any for life or banishment, but by a jury summoned by the 
General Court, that lands granted and not built upon in 
three years should be forfeited ; that no houses or lands be 
sold or transferred to any newcomer without consent of the 
assistants." 

A great movement at this time in England among the 
friends of religious liberty sent additions to the colony of 
over three thousand persons. The discipline which at this 
time was maintained over the colonists was severe in the 
extreme; offences against ordinances of the General Court 
were punished by fines, setting in the stocks, banishment from 
the colony, and in one case for ^'uttering malicious and scan- 
dalous speeches against the government and the church at 
Salem," Ratcliffe was fined, had his ears cut off, and was 
banished ; Richard Hopkins, who violated the order pro- 
viding the sale of firearms or ammunition to the Indians, was 
branded upon the cheek, and Nicholas Frost was branded 
upon the hand for stealing from the Indians. It seems at 
this date as though too much cruelty was exercised in the 
punishment of offenders against the orders of the General 
Court, but it should be remembered that it was during a 
period when England, as well as France, was exercising 
the most diabolical, inhuman, and cruel methods of punish- 
ment. One has only to turn to Lingard's History of Eng- 
land to read of the cruelties practised, such as the cutting 
oif of hands and ears, slitting the nose, this for slight 
offences ; and particularly cruel does the punishment seem 
that was inflicted upon the Rev. Mr. Leighton, a non-Conform- 
ist minister in England, who for issuing a book taking issue 
with the church, , from his non-Conformist view, was con- 
demned by the House of Lords to pay a fine of ten thousand 
pounds, to be deposed from his church, publicly whipped, 
placed in the stocks, an ear cut off, his nose slit open, cheek 
branded, and at the expiration of one week to be again 
whipped publicly, placed in the stocks, his other ear cut off, 
his other cheek branded. Upon this being done he was 
then sentenced to life imprisonment, and for ten years he 
was thus confined until Cromwell, upon coming into power, 
released him. Blackstone in his Commentaries says that 
''Parliament at this time had in eifect instant death as the 
penalty for committing any one of one hundred and sixty 
offences which men are liable daily to commit." And so 

73 



View in Public Garden, Boston. Mas 




with the knowledge of the prevalence of such severe laws 
in England, it is not to be wondered at that those of the 
Puritans were severe, not any excuse for them it is to be 
admitted, but it must be remembered that they were of a 
stern and unbending character, without the leaven of mild- 
ness that was ingrain with the Pilgrim whose methods of pun- 
ishment were absolutely free from cruelty, although at times 
severe. 

At this time the enemies in England to the non- 
Conformist planters sought to destroy them if possible ; they 
induced the King to assume control over all and promise 
to send a Governor, in his name, over all New England, but 
which Jie failed to do. The colonists in this action realized 
that if it succeeded, the cause for which they had dared and 
suffered so much would be crushed, and disaster to the 
colony inevitably the result. They met the situation with 
firmness and confidence ; they ordered forts built at various 
points, construction of carriages for their cannon, enroll- 
ment and drill of the men able to bear arms, and distribution of 
all arms and munitions of war among the several plantations. 
The first known stoppage of specie payment in this country 
occurred at this time, when it was "ordered that hereafter 
farthings shall not pass for current pay, and that musket 
bullets of a full bore shall pass current for a farthing each." 
These actions were not intended as a defiance of the King, 
but it was hoped he would realize from them the necessity of 
a milder form of action towards the colonists than had been 
indicated in what they had learned from England as his 
intentions, and yet they were determined to resist to the 
last degree any attempt to take from them what they had 
so far accomplished, if in that taking the religious liberty 
so dear to them must be relinquished; hence preparations 
were made to defend themselves to the last if the occasion 
demanded it. 

In August of this year, 1634, the colony at Salem was 
thrown into deep sorrow and anxiety; the Rev. Samuel 
Skelton, the pastor, who had been one of the great leaders; 
who had been stricken with that arch enemy consumption, 
died, and the church was without a leader. In the emergency 
they called again Roger Williams to preside over them ; 

75 



^5 



t 




upon the Governor and assistants learning of this, they were 
much wrought up over the matter and summoned him to 
appear before them and make answer to the written declara- 
tion he had made at the Plymouth Church (particulars of 
which will be found in the "Story of the Pilgrims"). 

Mr. Williams assured them that he had intended this pa- 
per only for the Plymouth people, and that he in no wise con- 
tended against the forms of the church. His defence being 
satisfactory, the matter was dropped, but in 1635 he was 
again called before the assistants and charged with promul- 
gating dangerous views, such as "that a magistrate ought 
•not to tender an oath to an unregenerate man ; that a man 
ought not to pray with such, though wife or child ; that a 
man ought not to give thanks after the sacrament, nor after 
meat," and various other heresies. These accusations Mr. 
Williams could not successfully deny and he was given until 
the meeting of the next General Court to reflect and retract 
or to be removed from his ministerial office. Williams never 
after this officiated in the church, refusing all communion 
with the churches, even going to the extent of refusing to 
pray with his wife because she continued in her attendance 
at the church, and as a consequence the General Court at its 
next session ordered that "Roger Williams shall depart out 
of this jurisdiction within six weeks, next ensuing," but the 
order was later modified and he was permitted to remain 
through the winter, but upon spring coming he refused to 
leave, and when the Court of Assistants met in January, 
1636, it was ordered that he be taken and placed aboard a 
ship which was ready to sail for England, and when a small 
sloop was sent to Salem to bring him to Boston to place him 
aboard the ship, it was found that he had fled with twenty 
adherents to Narragansett Bay, and passing the winter there 
he moved to what is now Providence, assisting in establish- 
ing a plantation there and presiding over the church until 
his death. 

;, At the meeting of the General Court in 1635, John 
Haynes was chosen Governor, and Mr. Bellingham deputy. 
At this session, for the first time in America, the ballot was 
brought into use in an election, the freemen depositing 

77 



each a ballot upon which they had written the name of their 
preference for Governor and Deputy Governor. 

In October, Henry Vane, afterwards upon the death of 
his father, Sir Henry Vane, arrived and was well received. 
Although but twenty-three years of age, he showed such 
wisdom that he rapidly endeared himself to the people, and 
the following year, 1636, he was unanimously elected Gov- 
ernor. It was this year that great excitement was caused 
by the new heresy that spread through the church and colony 
which was caused by Mrs. Ann Hutchinson, who had come 
over in 1634. Governor Winthrop in his book says : "One 
Mrs. Hutchinson, a member of the church of Boston, a woman 
of ready wit and bold spirit, brought over with her two 
dangerous errors, that the person of the Holy Ghost dwells 
in a justified person, and that no sanctification can help to 
evidence to us our justification." This new belief was the 
cause of an increase in the differences held and it extended 
throughout the colony, causing alienation, and the contention 
aroused was akin to that of discussion between Conformist and 
non-Conformist ; the spark had been fanned into a flame and 
the colonists were set one against the other in matters sep- 
arate from religion, factions grew, and at one time seriously 
threatened to disrupt the entire organization. At the time 
of the meeting of the General Court in May, 1637, Governor 
Winthrop was again chosen Governor, after a stormy ses- 
sion, in which Governor Vane and his faction were ignored, 
much to the distress of Vane, who the following August 
returned to England, where he remained. 

Mrs. Hutchinson continued to hold meetings in her own 
house, and the antagonism became so pronounced that it 
threatened to become a revolution throughout the colony. 
Winthrop seemed powerless in suppressing the intense feeling 
aroused, and at the meeting in November of the General 
Court strenuous action was taken. "It was found that two 
so opposite parties could not contain in the same body with- 
out apparent hazard of ruin to the whole, and it was agreed 
to send away some of the principals." Aspinwall, Oliver, 
and Coggeshall, who were deputy governors, were removed 
from their positions. Aspinwall and Wheelwright were dis- 
franchised and banished from the country , Coggeshall 
disfranchised, Mrs. Hutchinson banished, and over a dozen 
others fined and disfranchised. Thus was averted the near 
disruption of the colony, only severe action prevented, and 

78 



such action was later, after calmness possessed the people, 
seen to be that of wisdom. No half-way measure would have 
answered, and with those people only stern, severe treatment 
of a factional question saved the day. No departure from 
the original belief and practice of the non-Conformist Church 
could or would be allowed. There was only salvation to the 
colony in upholding the tenets of its religion, which was 
primarily independent of the government of the established 
National Church, and permitting a semblance of departure 
from this would have proven the death of the colony then 
and there. In 1636 the colonists, some three hundred in 
number, who had settled in Connecticut, \\ere upon every 
possible occasion assailed by the tribe of Indians known as 
Pequots, capturing, torturing, murdering any who ventured 
for any distance from their houses. So great was the uprising 
that the colonists at Boston sent an expedition with all dis- 
patch to punish the Indians ; with them went a number of 
allies from the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes. The first 
attack on the Indian fort at Mystic resulted in destruction of 
fort and village and the killing of over six hundred. The 
expedition continued on to Hartford and what is now New 
Haven, attacking at every opportunity and so reducing the 
number by killing, that in the fall of 1638 the remainder of the 
band of Pequots, about two hundred, surrendered and the 
war cam^e to an end. The colonists who returned from the 
war organized themselves with some others into a military 
company, which became known as the Ancient and Honorable 
Artillery Company, and which still possesses its organization. 
While events of a warlike nature were taking place in New 
England, the crisis in England in religious affairs was rapidly 
drawing near. Charles found that the Scotch covenanters had 
invaded England with an army of about thirty thousand. Par- 
liament refused to aid the King in any way, and feeling that 
the time was now come for reformation in civil affairs, they 
arrested, tried, condemned, and executed the principal mem- 
bers of the advisory council of the King. Financial distress 
came upon England, which was quickly reflected in the colony, 
and immigration ceased. No new money or supplies came, 
prices of all products, as well as cattle, declined, and as no 
money was obtainable to purchase supplies or to pay their in- 
debtedness, their condition was precarious. The General 
Court in 1640 ordered that ''No man should be compelled to 
satisfy any debt, legacy, fine, or make any payment in money, 

79 



^ 



but satisfaction shall be accepted in corn, cattle, fish, or other 
commodities at a rate appraised by an appointed officer." 
The court also ordered that, as the coming winter would 
show a deficiency in clothing, the wild hemp be gathered ; 
it grew wonderfully abundant everywhere, and that all 
members of families employ all the time possible in working 
out hemp and flax for clothing; even the children, who 
watched cattle, to be set at spinning and weaving. 

This year, 1640, Dudley was again elected Governor. 
There had up to this time come to the New England 
shores in both Pilgrim and Puritan colonies upwards of 
thirty thousand people, and during the twenty-year period 
from 1620 there had been established nearly twenty towns, 
which, under rule of the General Court, had the right to make 
and enforce such orders as would result in the well con- 
ducting of the towns, thus carrying into practical use and 
effect the principles laid down in the Mayflower compact, and 
it is remarkable that in this twentieth century the principles of 
that compact were the foundation of government of every 
town, state, and even the national government, as exemplified 
in that later document, the Declaration of Independence. 

It is interesting to know how the people lived in the 
early days. The houses were built of logs, with spaces 
between filled with clay, roofs thatched, one story in height, 
the room divided by log partitions into two or three smaller 
ones, the large room used for a living room, kitchen, and 
sleeping; floor generally earthen, large fireplace and chimney 
of small branches lined with clay. These houses were warm 
and gave good protection in the severe winters. The churches 
were one story, thatched roof, with benches arranged on the 
sides ; worshippers were seated, men on one side, women on 
the other, in the relative order of age, rank, and wealth; the 
services were simple — forms and ceremonies of the Episcopal 
Church discarded — and all feast and fast days of the church 
forbidden, even Christmas not being permitted to be cele- 
brated, but there was inaugurated what has since been 
perpetuated as thanksgiving day. Ministers were not allowed 
to celebrate marriage, magistrates performing that oflice. 
Schools were established and the younger generation com- 
pelled to attend, and so much was thought of an education 
that even the older ones, who were deficient in learning, 
availed themselves of every opportunity to attend, and when 
the Rev. John Harvard, a Cambridge minister, died in 1637, 

81 



he left seven hundred pounds (which to-day is the equivalent 
of about five thousand pounds, for the pound sterHng of 
to-day is about eight times of greater value than of that 
period) for the establishment of an educational institution 
which in 1639 was ordered to be called Harvard College, and 
which in 1642 graduated the first class, who numbered nine 
students. In 1641 Mr. Bellingham was chosen Governor, and 
in 1642-1643 Mr. Winthrop. In 1642 there was called a con- 
sultation of the leaders of the colonies in New England; those 
from Plymouth were Mr. Winslow and Mr. Collier; Mr. 
Winthrop and Dudley, Boston; Mr. Haynes, Connecticut; 
Mr. Gorges, Maine; Providence, Roger Williams. Winthrop 
says that after two or three meetings they lovingly accorded 
to the articles of confederation presented, signed the same 
and later upon their being ratified by the General Court, they 
became the United Colonies of New England. In fact, these 
articles of confederation were the very foundation of the 
Constitution of the United States. Article after article of 
this agreement was literally adopted by the authors of the 
Constitution, thus showing at this day the wise prescience 
of the fathers in building a republic on this Western Conti- 
nent. It was novv^ apparent to the central body of the Con- 
federation, to wit, the great and General Court, that to 
maintain in close relation the settlements, or quasi states of 
the colony, that the cause of Congregationalism, which was 
established by Rev. Samuel Skelton at the first immigration 
to Salem in July, 1629, must be advanced both here and in 
England, and to the people in England was made known 
fully the system of church government as exemplified here 
in the Congregational churches. . That system met with the 
instant approbation of the masses, a majority of whom 
organized into an independent section, who were opposed 
to the National Church on the religious side and to the 
abolition of the monarchy upon the civic, and as the years 
wore on the battle became fiercer and fiercer, involving 
Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Independent, until the 
influence of that sectarianism, known as Congregationalism, 
born that July day in 1629 at Salem, rose to irresistible 
ascendancy, sweeping through the country to such degree 
that when Cromwell raised his banner the people by thou- 
sands flocked around it, and as the army moved additions 
were so large that finally it overcame, as is well known, 

82 



every obstacle, and Oliver Cromwell became the gre^.t'est 
ruler that England had ever had. 

The death of Governor Winthrop, 1649, practically closes 
the story of the original Puritans and their government as 
individuals, but which later was gradually merged into the 
broader system developed and told by "The Story of Boston." 
But what is the verdict at this later day as we look backward? 
We see in those planters the fathers of New England, a people 
who were remarkable for their piety and moral rectitude ; 
they were men of courage and strength, endured every priva- 
tion, even starvation, for the cause of religious freedom; 
they were men of erudition, of genius, of literary attainments, 
who were conspicuous in affairs of state and church, and ac 
they hewed out of the wilderness a country free born and inde- 
pendent, a nation the most blessed upon the face of the 
globe, their deeds with those of the Pilgrims will go down 
to farthest posterity as deeds fraught with greatest blessings 
mankind has ever had bestowed upon it. 




PIUIC-TKSB BUILXJNO 



«3 



THE LIST OF THE ORIGINAL PURITANS 



Who resided at Salem, Massachusetts, between the years 1624 
and 1650. Of those who arrived previous to 1634, and who 
remained in Salem, there is no record in the church records, 
but there was a list made of the first arrivals, 1624-1630. The 
latter year, upon the arrival of Governor Winthrop, many of 
the colonists w^ere not pleased with Salem and departed to 
Charlestown, Boston, Cambridge, Watertown, Medford, and 
other places, and in those towns, which they settled, their 
names are recorded. After 1634 the arrivals in New England 
were generally at Boston, although many came to Salem. 
The dates at the right of the names signify the year those 
persons were recorded as being residents of Salem. From 
1636, in addition, is given under each year the names of 
those who joined the First Church, ending with 1650. 

The term "Goodwife," frequently attached to a name, 
was the ancient way of designating the wife of a person, in- 
stead of, as is now the custom, saying "Mrs." 



Abby, John, 1637 
Adams, Richard, 1637 
Adams, Robert, 1638 
Aimedoune, Roger, 1637 
Antrum, Thomas, 1637 
Alford, Mary, 1636 
Alford, William, 1635 
Alderman, Jane, 1636 
Allen, Robert, 1637 
Allen, Elizabeth, 1636 
Allen, William, 1626 
Allerton, Isaac, 1633 
Amyes, John, 1637 
Amyes, Ruth, 1638 
Archer, Samuel, 1630 
Auger, Alice, 1631 
Auger, William, 1631 
Avery, Thomas, 1643 
Babson, Isabel, 1637 
Baker, Robert, .1637 
Barber, William, 1639 
Baxter, Daniel, 1639 
Bai toll, John, 1648 



Bayley, Guydo, 1644 
Bayley, Henry, 1638 
Beard, Thomas, 1629 
Beaumont, John, 1640 
Beeve, Phillip, 1637 
Belknap, Joseph, 1644 
Beman, William, 1637 
Bennet, John, 1633 
Bennet, Richard, 1636 
Bennet, Henry, 1630 
Bennet, William, 1637 
Berry, Christopher, 1C40 
Best, John, 1638 
^ixby, Thomas, 1636 
Blancher (widow), 1638 
Blomfield, Henry, 1638 
Boggust, John, 1630 
Bourne, John, 1637 
Bowditch, Wm., 1643 
Bowen, Thomas, 1648 
Brand, Thomas, 1629 
Bravely, John, 1638 
Bridgeman, John, 1637 



Brittell, John, 16.37 
Brown, Hugh, 1628 
. Brown, John, 1629 
Brown, Samuel, 1629 
Bryan (widow), 1639 
Bryant, Thomas, 1642 
Bufifum, Robert, 1638 
Bullock, Henry, 1643 
Burdet, Rev. George, 1635 
Burdsall, Henry, 1638 
Burrows, John, 1637 
Burstow, Anthony, 1637 
Burton, John, 1637 
Burwood, Thomas, 1640 
Bushnell, John, 1637 
Bushnell, Francis, 1639 
Buxton, Anthony, 1637 
Buxton, Thomas, 1639 
Canterbury, Wm., 1639 
Gary, Nicholas, 1637 
Chadwell, Thomas, 1637 
Charles, Wm., 1637 
Chickering, Henry, 1640 
Chilson, Walsingham, 1648 
Ching, George, 1638 
Chubb, Thom.as, 1636 
Chusmore, Richard, 1636 
Clark, Arthur, 1640 
Clark, William, 1630 
Claydon, Barnabas, 1629 
Claydon, Richard, 1629 
Clud, goodwife, 1647 
Cock, Richard, 1645 
Codman, Robert, 1637 
Coite, John, 1638 
Colburne, Samuel, 1637 
-Cole, Robert, 1636 
Cole, Thomas, 1649 
Collins, John, 1643 
Comyns, William, 1637 
Concklin, John, 1640 
Conant, Roger, 1626 
Conant, Sarah, 1636 
Conant, Roger, Jr. 

(He was the first child born in 
Salem.) 
Convers, Allen, 1639 
Cook, Henry, 1638 
Cornish, Samuel, 1637 
Cornish, Samuel, Jr., 1638 
Cornhill, Samuel, 1641 
Corwin, George, 1638 
Cory, Gyles, 1649 



85 



Cotta, Robert, 1635 
Cromwell, Philip, 1647 
Curtis, Zacheus, 1646 
Curwithen, David, 1644 
Daliber, Joseph, 1640 
Daniels, Mrs. Alice, 1637 
Davis, Isaac, 1637 
Davis, William, 1639 
Devereux, John, 1630 
Dike, Anthony, 1631 
Dike (widow), 1639 
Dill, George, 1639 
Dixy, Thomas, 1637 
Dodge, William, 1629 
Downing, Theophilus, 1643 
Draper, Nicholas, 1637 
Dresser, Samuel, 1638 
Easty, Jeffry, 1637 
Eborne, Samuel, 1639 
Edes, William, 1629 
Edmonds, James, 1629 
Edson, Samuel, 1639 
Edwards, Rice, 1643 
Elford, John, 1636 
Elston, John, 1631 
Ewstead, Richard, 1629 
Fairfield, Daniel, 1642 
Farr, George, 1629 
Felton, Benjamin, 1636 
Fernis, Benjamin, 1640 
Fisk, John, 1637 
Flatman, Thomas, 1637 
Flint, William, 1645 
Foote, Pasha, 1637 
Franklin, Goodm.an, 1645 

Freeman, , 1636 

Friend, John, 1637 
Frj^ar, Thomas, 1639 
Fuller, Robert, 1639 
Gaily, John, 1637 
Gardner, John, 1643 
Gardner, Joseph, 1649 
Gardner, Richard, 1643 • 
Gardner, Samuel, 1638 
Gerry, lienry, 1648 
Goldsmith, Thomas, 1643 
Goodall, Robert, 1637 
Gott, Charles, 1628 
Grafton, Joseph, 1637 
Grafton, Joshua, 1649 
Granger, Bryan, 1637 
Graves, Richard, 1637 
Graves, Thomas, 1629 



Gray, Thomas, 1626 
Greenfield, Samuel, 1637 
Greenway, Richard, 1637 
Grover, Edward, 1633 
Guppy, Robert, 1647 
Hackford, William, 1637 
Haggett, Henry, 1642 
liall, John, 1637 
Hanscombe, Thomas, 1629 
Harbet, John, 1637 
Hardy, John, 1634 
Hardy, John, Jr., 1637 
Harris, George, 1636 
Harris, William, 1635 
Haskell, Roger, 1637 
Haughton, Henry, 1629 
Harvard, Richard, 1629 
Hawkes, Thomas, 1648 
Hayward, Nicholas, 1643 
Herson, Christopiier, 1643 
Hewlett, Mr., 1636 
Higginson, Rev. F., 1629 
Higginson, J., 1629 
Higgins, Alexander, 1637 
Hill, John, 1650 
Holliman, Ezekiel, 1637 
Hollingworth, Richard, 1635 
Hull, Joseph, 1637 
Hulline, Obadiah, 1639 
Huson, William, 1631 
Ingersoll, Richard, 1629 
Ingersoll, George, 1639 
Ingersoll, John, 1639 
Ingersoll, Nathaniel, 1644 
Ingraham, Edward, 1638 
Isabell, Robert, 1637 
James, Rosamond, 1638 
James, William, 1637 
James, Erasmus, 1637 
James, Thomas, 1638 
Tarrett, John, 1640 
Jeffrey, William, 1628 
Jeggles, Daniel, 1639 
Jeggles, Thomas, 1647 
Johnson, Richard, 1637 
Keene, William, 1638 
Kelham, Austin, 1637 
Knight, Walter, 1626 
Knight, Ezekiel, 1637 
Knight, William, 1637 
Lambert, Richard, 1637 
Langford, John, 1645 
Lathrop, Mark, 1643 



Eeavit, Captain, 1630 
Leech, John, 1637 
Leech, John J., 1637 
Leech, Robert, 1637 
Leech, Richard, 1639 
Leeds, Richard, 1637 
Legge, John, 1635 
Linsey, Christopher, 1648 
Listen, Nicholas, 1637 
Lockwood, Searjeant, 1637 
Lovell, Thomas, 1640 
Lovett, John, 1639 
Luff, John, 1637 
Lyford, Rev. John, 1626 
Lyon, John, 1638 
Malbon, John, 1629 

Manning, , 1631- 

Mariott, Nicholas, 1636 
Marshall, William, 1638 
Marston, William, 1637 
Mason, Emma (widow), 1637 
Mason, Elias, 1649 
Miller, Sydrach, 1629 
Moore, Ann, 1637 
Moore, William, 1639. 
Moulton, Robert, 1629 
Mousar, John, 1639 
Neal, John, 1642 
Nichols, William, 1638 
Nicks, Mathew, 1639 
Nixon, Matthew, 1639 
Noddle, William, 1630 
Norman, Richaid, 1626 
Norman, Richard J., 1626 
Norman, John, 1637 
Norris, Edward, Jr., 1639 
Norton, John, 1637 
Oliver, Thomas, 1637 
Olney, Thomas, 1637 
Page, Robert, 1637 
Parminter, Benjamin, 1637 
Patch, Edmund, 1639 
Patch, James, 1650 
Pattin, Thomas, 1643 
Panly, Benjamin, 1647 
Paine, Thomas, 1637 
Peach, John, 1630 
Peas, John, 1637 
Peas, Robert, 1637 
Peirce, Anthony, 16.34 
Peirce, William, 1630 
Penny, Robert, 1638 
Percie, Marmaduke, 1637 



86 



Perry, Francis, 163T 
Perry, John, 1637 
Pester, William, 1637 
Petford, Peter, 1641 
Phillips, Rev. John, 1638 
Pickering, John, 1637 
Pickton, Thomas, 1639 
Pickworth, John, 1637 
Pitman, Nathaniel, 1639 
Pitman, Thomas, 1648 
Plaise, William, 1637 
Pollard, George, 1646 
Porter, Nathaniel, 1637 
Porter, George, 1647 
Pride, John, 1637 
Pryor, Matthew, 1638 
Prince, Robert, 1649 
Ray, Daniel, 1634 
Raymond, William, 1648 
Reeves, John, 1643 
Reynolds, Henry, 1642 
Rickman, Isaac, 1629 
Ringe, Thomas, 1637 
Robins, Thcmias, 1650 
Roots, Joshua, 1637 
Roots, Thomas, 1637 
Ropes, George, 1637 
Rowland, Richard, 1648 
Ruck, John, 1630 
Rumball, Daniel, 1644 
Russell, John, 1638 
Ryall, William, 1629 
Sallowes, Michael, 1635 
Sallowes, Benjamin, 1637 
Sams, Thomas, 1638 
Sandon, Arthur, 1639 
Sawyer, William, 1643 
Scarlet, Benjamin, 1635 
Scarlet, Robert, 1635 
Scudder, Thomas, 1648 
Scudder, William, 1650 
Scale, Edward, 1038 
Scares, Richard, 1638 
Shepley, John, 1637 
Silsby, Henry, 1639 
Simson, Francis, 1648 
Singletary, Richard, 1637 
Skilling, Thomas, 1643 
Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 1629 
Skelton, Benjamin, 1639 
SkeltQ-n, Nathaniel. 1648 
Small, John, 1643 
Smith, Edith (widow), 1637 



Smyth, George, 1635 
Smyth, James, 1635 
Smyth, Matthew, 1637 
Smyth, Samuel, 1637 
Smyth, Thomas, 1637 
Sprague, Ralph, 1629 
Sprague, Richard, 1629 
Sprague, William, 1629 
Stackhouse, Richard, 1638 
Stacy, Hugh, 1640 
Stone, John, 1637 
Stratton, John, 1637 
Sv/eet, John, 1631 
Sweet (widow), 1637 
Talby, John, 1635 
Taylor, Thomas, 1637 
Temple, Abraham, 1637 
Temple, Richard, 1644 
Thatcher, Anthony, 1635 
Thomas, John, 1646 
Thomas, James, 1649 
Thorndike, John, 1633 
Throgmorton, John, 1639 
Thurston, Richard, 1637 
Thurston, John, 1640 
Tidd, Joshua, 1637 
Tillie, Hugh, 1629 
Tomkins, John, 1637 
Tomkins, Ralph, 1638 
Tompson (widow), 1638 
Tomson, Archibald, 1637 
Townde, William, 1640 
Tracie, Thomas, 1637 
Trew, Henry, 1649 
Tuck, Thomas, 1637 
Tuck, Robert, 1639 
Tucker, John, 1644 
Turland, Mrs. Ann, 1635 
Turner, Charles, 1643 
Vanderwood, James, 1637 
Vassal, William, 1640 
Verin, Joshua, 1635 
Vermaise, Alice (widow), 1639 
Vicary, George, 1638 
Wake, William, 1637 
Wakefield, John, 1638 
Walcot, William, 1637 
-Walker, Richard, 1637 
Waller, Matthew, 1637 
Waller, William, 1645 
Waller, Christopher, 1649 
Walton, Rev. Wm., 1638 
Ward, John, 1641 



87 



Warren, Abraham, 1637 
Warren, Ralph, '1638 
Waterman, Richard, 1629 
Waters, Richard, 1637 
Watkins, John, 1641 
Watson, John, 1633 
Webb, Francis, 1629 
Webb, Henry, 1637 
Webster, John, 1638 
Weeks, Thomas, 1639 
Wescot, Stukely, 1636 
West, Thomas, 1640 
Weston, Francis, 1633 
Wheadon, Robert, 1638 
Wheeler, Thomas, 1642 
White, James, 1633 
White, John, 1639 

To give further information relative to the settlers of 
Salem, the following names are given as taken from the records 
of the First Church, they being recorded previous to 165 1, 
as havins: united with the Church. The record begins with : 



Whitehaire, Abraham, 1638 
Wickenden, William, 1639 
Williams, Rev. Roger, 1631 
Williams, William, 1637 
Wilson, Dr. Lambert, 1629 
Wilson, Edward, 1647 
Wincoll, Thomas, 1631 
Winthrop, Gov. John, 1630 
Winthrop, Stephen, 1638 
Wood, William, 1638 
Woodbury, Nichols, 1638 
Wotes, Richard, 1637 
Wright, George, 1637 
Young, Christopher, 1637 
Young, Joseph, 1639 
Young, John, 1640 



1636 
Balch, John 
Balch, Margery 
Barney, Jacob 
Batter, Edmund 
Batter, Sarah 
Bishop, Townsend 
Black, John 
Blackleach, John 
Bownd, William 
Bownd, Anne 
Brackenbury, Richard 
Brackenbury, Ellen 
Bright, Margery 
Cotta, Joanne 
Davenport, Richard 
Davenport, Elizabeth 
Dixy, William 
Dixy, Anne 
Eborn, Thomas 
Ellerd, Gertrude 
Endicott, John 
Endicott, Elizabeth 
Felton, Ellen 
Fogg, Ralph 
Fogg, Susannah 
Gardner, Thomas 
Giles, Edward 
Herrick, Henry 
Herrick, Edith 



Holgrave, John 
Holgrave, Elizabeth 
Florn, John 
Horn, Ann 
Hutchinson, Alice 
Ingersoll, Anne 
Johnson, Francis 
Johnson, Edward 
Johnson, Joanne 
Kendall, Presea 
.„---King, William 
Larkin, Hugh 
Lathrop, Thomas 
Leach, Lawrence 
Leach, Elizabeth 
Massey, Jeffrey 
Maurie, Roger 
Moore, Samuel 
Moore, John 
Moore, Hannah 
Norton, George 
Palfray, Peter 
Pope, Joseph 
Raymond, Richard 
Raymond, Judith 
Reade, Thomas 
_^oots, Richard 
Saunders, John 
Scruggs, Thomas 
Sharpe, Samuel 



88 



Sliarpe, Alice 
Sibby, John 
Skarlet, Anne, widow 
Stillman, Elias 
Trask, William^ 
Veren, Philip 
Veren, Dorcas 
Watson, Joanne 
Williams, George 
Wolfe, Peter 
Wolfe, Martha 
Woodbury, John 
Woodbury, Agnes 

1637 

Alderman, John 
Amyes, Joan 
Banks, Lydia 
Bartholomew, Henry 
Brayne, Agnes, widow 
Brown, John 
Brown, Ales 
^Browning, Thomas 
Garford, Ann 
Gedney, John 
Gedney, Mary 
Goldthwait, Thomas 
Goodwyne, Susannah 
Goose, William 
Hart, Mary 
Hathorn, William 
Holfgrave, Joshua 
Holme, Deborah 
Humphrey, John 
Jeggles, Mary 
Lord, Abigail 
Marshall, Edmund 
Marshall, Miilesent 
Maverick, Moses 
Moore, Ann, widow 
Moulton, James 
Norman, Arabella 
Norton, Mary 
Peters, Rev. Hugh 
Ray, Bethiah 
Robinson, Anne, widow 
Robinson, Isabella 
Skerry, Francis 
Turner, Elizabeth 
Williams, Eleazer 

1638 
Amyes, Ruth 



Avery, Thomas 
Bachelder, Joseph 
Barney, Anna 
Blackleach, Elizabeth 
Burdsall, Henry 
Downing, Emanuel 
Downing, Lucy 
Hart, John 
Hindes, James 
Jackson, John 
Jackson, Margaret 
Marrit, Triphene 
Moulton, Mary 
Norman, Arabella 
Pickworth, Ann 
Robinson, William 
Shafflin, Michel 
Skerry, Henry 
Spooner, Thomas 
Spooner, Amy 
Standish, Sarah 
Symonds, John 
Symonds, Mary 
Venner, Thomas 

1639 

Antrum, Thomas 
Barnardistone, Catherine 
Batchelder, John 
Batchelder, Mary 
Beauchamp, Edward 
Bishop, Richard 
Concklin, Ananias 
Dixy, Catherine 
Dunton, Elizabeth 

Edwards, 

Fairfield, John 
Gardner, Thomas, Jr. 
Gardner, Margaret 
Garford, Jervas 
Gascoyne, Sarah 
Gait, William 
Green, widow 
Harbert, Mary 
Harnett, Sicilla 
Higginson, Francis, Jr. 
Holgrave, Lydia 
Holme, Obadiah 
Holme, Catherine 
Kenestone, Dorothy 
Kitcherill, Joseph 
Lemon, Mary 
Lord, William 



89 



Marsh, John 
Moore, Thomas 
Moore, Martha 
Norris, Rev. Edward 
Osborn, William 
Page, Lucy 
Pease, widow 
Pickering, Elizabeth 
Porter, Mary 
Robinson, John 
Shafflin, Mary 
Skarlet, Mary 
Southwick, Lawrence 
Southwick, Cassandra 
Standish, James 
Stephens, William 
Stillman, Elias, Jr. 
Swan, Henr}^ 
Swinnerton, Job 
Swinnerton, Elizabeth 
Tompson, Edmund 
Trusler, Thomas 
Trusler, Eleanor 
Vermayes, Mark 
Ward, Miles . 
Walker, Prescis 
Watson, Thomas 
Weeks, Alice 
Williams, Ann 
Woodbury, William 

' 1640 

Barber, Goodwife 
Barnett, Alice 
Bartholomew, Richard 
Beacham, Mary 
Bowditch, Sarah 
Bulfinch, John 
Byam, George 
Cook, John, Mrs. 
Corning, Samuel 
Curwin, Elizabeth"* 
Eastwick, widow 
Estick, Goodwife 
Geere, William 
Glover, Charles 
Good, Abigail 
Graves, Richard, Mrs. 
Hapcott, Sarah 
Howard, Rose 
Lawes, Francis 
Marston,John 
Marston, Thomas 



Moody, Deborah 
Moulton, Robert, Jr. 
Peters, Deliverence 
Porter, Jonathan 
Read, Alice 
Reed, Esdras 
Reeves, Jane 
Rennolls, William 
Ruck, Thomas 
Sanders, Elizabeth 
Scudder, Elizabeth 
Veren, Jane 
Vermayes, Abigail 
Ward, Margaret 
Woodbury, Elizabeth 

1641 
Bacon, Rebeckah 
Blanchard, William 
Boyce, Joseph 
Bulfinge, Ann 
Cleark, Arthur 
Concklin, Susan 
Cook, John 
Devinish, Thomas 
Devinish, Mary 
Dickerson, Philemon 
Fairfield, Mrs. 
Fenn, Deborah 
Fisk, James 
Fisk, Phincas 
Fisk, William 
Gardner, George 
Glover, Elizabeth 
Gutch, Robert 
Harwood, Goodwife 
Hunt, Mary 
Kelly, Abel 
Lemon, Robert 
Mauny, Elizabeth 
Monsall, Ruth 
Norcross, Nathaniel 
Osborn, Freywith 
Pacy, Catherine 
Perry, Jane 
Pettingill, Richard 
Putnam, Priscilla 
Rabbe, Catherine 
Read, Sarah 
Shattuck, widow 
Veren, Philip, Jr. 
Ward, Alee 
Waters, Joyce 



90 



Wathen, George 
Wright, Elizabeth 

1642 

Allen, Robert 
Barber, John 
Blown, William 
Button, Robert 
Kenniston, Allen 
Moore, Richard 
Price, Walter 
Price, Elizabeth 
Prince, Richard 
Putnam, Thomas 
Ropes, Mary- 
Scarlet, Margaret 
Shattuck, Samuel 
Tcmkins, Catherine 
Vermayes, Benjamin 

1643 
Bacon, William 
Bennet, Jane 
Blanchard, Ann 
Corwithen, Grace 
Dixy, Thomas, Mrs. 
Edwards, Thomas 
Elwell, Robert 
Goyte, Mary 
Harnett, Edward 
Harwood, Henry 
Hathorn, John 
Kitchen, John 
Kitchen, Elizabeth 
Peas, Robert 
Putnam, Eliza 
White, John 

1644 
Bourne, John 
Dodge, Richard 
Hathorn, Sarah 
Porter, Mary 

1645 
Bishop, Edward - 
Dodge, Elizabeth 
Skerry, Bridget 
Vaile, Catherine 

1646 

Gascoyne, Edward 
Grover, Margaret 



Harnett, Edward, Jr. 
Hibberd, Robert 
Hibberd, Joan 

1647 

Allerton Isaac 

(He came from the Ply- 
mouth colony.) 
Charles, Sarah 
Downing, Lucy 
Ellenwood, Ralph 
—Hutchinson, Richard 
Loofe, Bridget 
Mason, Jane 
Montague, Abigail 
Neal, Mary 
Nean, widow 
Putnam, John 
Scudder, John 
Scudder, Mrs. John 
Smith, Ralph 
Veren, Mary 

1648 

Brown, William 
Brown, Sarah 
Dickerson, Mary 
Eborn, Catherine 
Ellenwood, Goodwife 
Emory, Dr. George 
Felton, Nathaniel 
Field, Alexander 
Giles, Bridget 
Haines, William 
Hardy, Joseph 
Jeggles, William 
Leech, Sarah 
Marsh, Sussannah 
Masse>% Ellen 
Pigkett, John 
Porter, Unice 
Prince, Mary 
Putnam, Elizabeth 
Putnam, Nathaniel 
Rootes, Josiah 
Stackhouse, Susannah 
Towne, Goodwife 
Veren, Hilliard 
Waller, Sarah 
Weston, John 
Wheeler, Mary 
Woodbury, Humphrey 



91 



1 649 
Concklin, Elizabeth 
Corwithen, David 
Gardner, Hannah 
Haynes, Sarah 
Pope, Gertrude 
Porter, John 
Read, Mary 
Scudder, Rachel 

1650 

Bridgman, Elizabeth 
Chichester, Mary 
Cole, Ann 
Cooper, Rebeckah 
Curtis, Sarah 



Felmingham, Francis 
Gray, Elizabeth 
Hardy, Goodwife 
Lovett, Mary 
Maskall, Ellen 
Moore, Christian 
Morgan, Robert 
Pacy, Nicholas 
Patch, Nicholas 
Payne, Elizabeth 
Payne, William 
Rix, Thomas 
Smith, Mary 
Southwick, Mary 
Vincent, William 
Woodbury, Hugh 



9?. 



THE STORY OF BOSTON 




First House in Boston 



THE STORY OF BOSTON 

BOSTON, the oldest city in the new world, what a history 
it has, and with what interest it is read the world over. 
Its influence and that of its institutions have spread 
throughout this country; yes, even across the seas, and in the 
old world the standards it has raised have served for the 
foundation there of republics and institutions. 

Its original name was Shawmut, signifying a peninsula. 
By the old planters, who first occupied Charlestown, it was 
called Tremont, from its three hills, which to them appeared 
in a range. They were the three cones on what is now known 
as Beacon Hill, but which has been since then leveled more 
than one-half its original height. The rise of this hill began 
at a point on the north side where Hanover street now inter- 
sects with Washington street, on the west at about Cambridge 
street, on the east at Washington and School streets, thence 
forming an inverted circle around the westerly side of the 
Common; on the south it extended to the water (a creek, 
pond, and marsh), where is now the Public Garden; beyond 
this was low land, covered in part by the waters of the Charles 
river and creeks which wound their way inland from the 
sea, between South Boston and Roxbury, crossing at various 
places the narrow neck of land which connected Boston and 
Roxbury, and on both sides of this neck was marsh land, cov- 
ered in places by large-sized bodies of water, forming basins. 
It received the name of Boston from the affection which many 
of the planters entertained for Boston in England, from which 
they had departed. The name was bestowed legally by the 
General Court, on September 7th, 163c, and that time is con- 
sidered as foundation day of the city. 

. The original outline of the city is very diflicult to 
distinguish to-day; the settlement at first was at that portion 
of the city which is now about bounded by Washington, 
Court, Hanover, and Prince streets, but later grew to the 
section within School, Milk, Federal, State, and Dock Square, 



the latter so named from the fact of the first dock being 
erected here on che easterly side and which was the common 
landing place for the oyster and fishing boats. It was filled 
up' in 17 10. At this time the sea came up to what is now 
Kilby street, and what is now Congress street was made by 
filling in. It is this reclamation from the sea that renders 
it so difficult to-day to define the exact eastern and southern 
boundaries of the city; the northern and western sections 
remain practically as they were when the old planters first 
came. 

At the time of Winthrop's death, 1649, the colony was 
greatly exercised over witchcraft. There had for some two 
or three years previous been earnest efforts to ''eradicate the 
devil from among them." Misfortune of whatever nature was 
attributed solely to the machinations of a witch among them, 
who was controlled by the devil, and Winthrop in his journal 
says that ''when Mrs. Hutchinson w^as in Boston her acts 
gave cause of suspicion of witchcraft," and he also records 
the trial and execution of a woman for practising it (the 
witchcraft of those days is akin to the clairvoyance or spir- 
itualism of the present). It was the first execution in this 
country for witchcraft, but not the last. For years throughout 
New England, particularly in Salem, the tortures inflicted on 
those suspected of witchcraft are horrible. Burning at the 
stake, hanging, and secret murder were not of rare instance, 
and it was many years before the colonists became disbur- 
dened of their fanatic ideas relative to it. 

By 1645 the land produced m.ore than was necessary 
for their consumption and the excess was exported to the 
West Indies and the building of vessels was begun. Ship 
yards, weaving of sail cloth, wagon and iron manufacturing 
were the new industries, and by 1660 the condition of trade 
was in a very prosperous condition. Free trade was exempli- 
fied by permitting from all countries the free admission 
of vessels and their cargoes. No restraint whatever upon 
any importation. The ship building industry so pros- 
pered that by 1665 there had been built by the colonists 
about eighty ships of from twenty to forty tons, and about 
twelve of over one hundred tons. By 1670 the trade between 
the colony and the outside world had doubled over that of 
1660, and yet no custom house was established, as the people 
learning from experience saw that with no restrictions estab- 
lished, they could induce immigration, importation and export 

96 



of greater volume than ever before, and it was to immigration 
that they particularly bent their energies, for between 1640 
and 1660 it was very light, and the colony grew mainly from 
its own natural increase. In the latter year the people 
in England began to show evidences of great interest as the 
news of the wonderful progress and the results of the old 
planters' labors became known, and in 1670 it was found that 
in Boston alone there were fifteen hundred families and over 
a thousand single men, or those without families ; there was 
little of poverty and not a beggar; there were fifteen mer- 
chants at this time whose estate was valued at about fifty 
thousand pounds and more than five hundred whose property 
was estimated at least three thousand pounds each. This is 
not to be wondered at, for ships were leaving heavily laden 
with the products of these shores and wealth was pouring in 
upon all. In 1673 there were in operation five iron works, 
whose principal output was used exclusively by the people. 
The opulence thus thrust upon them led some to lead a life 
that w^as condemned by many and the church failed, in a 
measure, in its control over such. It was in marked contrast 
to the great strictness maintained under Winthrop in the 
execution of the laws when vice and crime were crushed 
under both by civil and church authorities. Extortion then 
in profit on goods or work was punished severely; a profit of 
thirty-three per cent was unholy and a fine on the one guilty 




STOCKS 



was the result. In 1640 the town authorized Edward Palmer 
to build a pair of stocks, in which violators of the laws might 
be placed. The price which he charged was considered so 
excessive that the fathers compelled him to inaugurate them 
by ordering him to be confined in them for one hour. One 
Captain Stone was sentenced to pay one hundred pounds 

97 




o 

w 

Pi 

CO 

O 
O 

M 

w 

o 

W 

w 
«u 

CO 

o 

1-J 
o 



and prohibited coming within the patent without the Gov- 
ernor's permission upon pain of death, for calHng one of the 
officials (a justice of the peace) a Justass. Josias Plastow, 
for steaHng four baskets of corn from the Indians, was 
ordered to return them eight baskets, fined five pounds, and 
ordered that hereafter he be called Josias and not Mr. Josias 
Plastow, as previously called. 

Sergeant Perkins was ordered to carry forty squares of 
turf to the fort for being drunk; John Wedgewood, for being 
in company with drunkards, was set in the stocks ; John Daw 
was severely whipped for breaking the seventh command- 
ment, and a law was passed inflicting death as a punishment 
for breaking it; Robert Coles, fined ten pounds, put in the 
stocks, a white sheet of paper upon his back whereon was 
written ''drunkard." But as the severity of the laws was for 
the exemplary purity of morals and religion, which should 
extend to every person in society, it, of course, necessarily 
reached them in their more private actions. 

In 1675 there came a break in the peaceful atmosphere 
of New England, the Indians had become troublesome and 
numerous murders upon their part led the authorities to 
proceed against them. This war, which is known as ''King 
Phillips' War," continued for about two years, and was of 
quite a sanguinary nature. All the colonies in the confedera- 
tion participated in it, and their losses were quite severe, 
while the decimation of the Indians was sufficient to deter 
future aggression on their part. In 1676 occurred the first 
fire of importance, on November 2J, forty-five dwellings, 
the North Meeting House, and several large warehouses and 
contents being destroyed. The abrogation of the charter to 
the colonists in 1685 and the appointment of Andros as Gov- 
ernor by King James II. stirred the colonies to their 
profoundest depths. King James empowered the royal Gov- 
ernor with the approval of four of his council to make laws 
and raise moneys without consulting with or obtaining the 
consent of the people. Andros prohibited the holding of town 
meetings, except on one day in the year; he made laws which 
he would not have printed ; he extorted heavy fees from the 
people for every act possible ; he claimed and insisted that as 
the charter had been withdrawn, all the lands and estates of 
the people were forfeited to the King, and that if they desired 
to retain them they must pay such sums as he might name 
before a new patent, or as it is now termed, deed, would be 

99 



v?K';%» 



r V 







Aif 




/ 



given to them. The colonists saw that they were now de- 
prived of all that they had struggled for during the past sixty- 
five years ; that freedom, either civic or religious, was for them 
a thing of the past, and deep was the resentment towards 
the new order. Meetings were held in secret and means 
to overthrow the new order of government discussed without 
reaching any definite conclusion, until early in 1689. A 
report reached them that the Prince of Orange had invaded 
England. When all the pent-up indignation was given freedom 
of expression, which was shown in an armed revolt against 
Governor Andros and such of his council and others as had 
been most obnoxious in their oppression of the liberties of 
the people, they seized Andros, Randolph, and about fifty 
others and imprisoned them, later sending them from the 
country, and the government of the colony resumed by the 
reinstatement of the Governor, deputy governor, and assist- 
ants, who were sworn in and served part of their term of 
office in 1686. For some years there was an estrangement 
between the colony and the home government, but in 1692 a 
new charter, with a new Governor, was sent over with 
instructions to not oppress the people and that laws that 
were just were only to be enforced. Harmony was resumed 
and the development of the country made of first importance. 
Fine buildings for residence, imposing warehouses, were 
erected, streets in some localities paved, the dress of the ladies 
was made of the richest materials, shoes of silk and satin 
elaborately embroidered, very high heels and a green ribbon 
tied in large bows at the instep of the shoe ; their dresses 
were cut very low at the neck and monstrous hoops were 
worn; their hair, by the aid of ''crape cushions," was built to 
an enormous height, in some instances two feet, and when 
they were to attend some function they would have their 
hair arranged the day previous and sit up all night in a chair 
that no disaster might befall what had been the labor of 
hours. The men wore silk and satin coats, lace at neck and 
wrists, silk stockings, low shoes with enormous buckles ; both 
men and women wore powdered wigs at various times. The 
social life and its customs are in marked contrast with those 
of to-day. Weddings were important from the ceremony 
attached at the time and afterwards, for there were no bridal 
tours taken, but they went at once to their residence, and 
for four succssive weeks the bride was daily visited by rela- 
tives and friends. At funerals, both public and private invita- 



lOI 



The Boflon News-Letter. 



From ^HUaV ApriT 17. to ^Onfiftf April ^4. 1704, 



LuidonJl/ing-P^ Qom DM^ *«?. *'4>t "705 

-ftiijiiiahli . 

Pvm aGfniUmen in ihAiiy, to his^frjt^i in 
tS/t Ctuntryy concerning the frefcn:' Dinger «f 
tie ksTigdim *nd 4 the l^ eteHertt Helij^m. 

rhis Letter ukh Notrce, That Fapifh fvrann in 
thai; Nation, tbj(t they traffick'more avp'*edly ifian 
fontierly, & ftial; of |ate many Scored of Prieus and 
Jefuites are come thither from Frencf', and gone ca 
:ihe l>'Drth,to Ac Highlands & ocher plicea of the 
dqurttry. That ihc Minl/len of the Hi^landi icd 
North gav« ia large Lifts of thoa to ih? Copmit- 
jec of the Gcptx^ Affemfely, tp be kid before the 
;^iv^.CounciJ. , 

Itiikcwi^ohfervft.-that a great Kumbrt'bf o 
iher iU affeftyfl perfons v? come over, from ■ Frenee, 
'Under^pretence of acccwing her Majefty's Gracic/tis 
InJennnlry J but, tn reality, to increafe DiviGonsin 
thtr.Nacion, and to entertain a Coiicfoondti^^ wi^h 
l'''<««ci: Thar thcix ill iMeqtionsjwe cvideflt froa* 
their talking big, tb<'ir owning the Inteteft of the 
pretended King Jamei Vfll. their fecrtt Cabilj, 
and their buying up of Anas and AaBflsui^idon, 
vhcrever (hsy can find (hem. 

To ib;Oie'i(lds the Ujc Writings 'atvl AiSangJ 
c di'uHe<2?d pcrfc>nj, jfiar.T .ct vtiam ere lor 



BT/onic 

Sat Pretender, that fevpral of tficja tios 
cy bad rath»r embrace Poppry than cctxform to 
!ht prefent Government , tha( they rc(ufc to pny 
or the Queen, but ufe the an^biguous word. Sove- 
taign, and fotr.c of thepi ^srav b exprefs Words for 
iht'Kvng ana Royal Family; and ihe chiritable 
end ger.erQui Rfincc who has Qicw'd them Co much 
lUhahciis. Vie likcwife t?kcs aotice of Letters not 
lOOg 5ieo fouad in Cypher, 'and oirected to ai 
PcrTooTitcly cogie thuher (rom St. Gtmaicf. 

He favs thflt the greateft JacoV)itt3,,who will nor, 
pu»ili£e themTvlves by taking the Oaths to HerMi- 
rtpfty. do now .With the Papuls ;md th^r Comjani- 
\pns from Til.Geipiaivj fft up for t lie Libenyof tht; 
Subjeft, contTafv to thti: ov/n Principles, bi« mcer- 
V to \i.f.ep up alDiviGon in the Nation. He adds, 
mat they iRgrava^ ihofe thincs which the Pcopie 
Lbhiplain cifT i$ to Erglainfs rejujing to ^Uow chem 
a hecdom Of Trade, (iff and do all they can to fo- 
ment Divifions h twixt ;he Nations, and to obftruift 
8.Rcdrcfs of iho& tKin?,i corr.p'.iin'd of. 

The Jacobites, he fays, do" all they can to ptr- 
r.vade the Nation that, their pretended Kiog is a 
Prcteftant in liijHein.tho" h^ dares not dfedarc it 
while ucdcr the Pc.vri; cf f^^^jr.- , that i»c is ac» 
<j'jainted with the Miflikcs of his Fathti's Qo- 
Vc,rnrnep,t, Will govern us tnorf accorcJiMio Xs,vi, 
tndcndeai huufelf to bis Sub'.e ds. 

They masniijcth? Str?np,ih ofthe*r own P^y\ 
ind the Wcakncfs and bivii'ions of the ofhcr, ia 
^rdcr to Jaciliute and haA 



thitbeV this Winter, i. 'i^mfiift^e.Uht" ^ ^^"^^ 
wjU pot ihen be afSca^ to oppofe ebein. '.v.'Hi''-Rfi 
then Deft fparethtm. the Safwi of Af^iuT. JbcyusJ • 
Sea being pvsr. ?. The .Expe£htion g.i<w-f{^M y ' 
conlidenhle nujspbcr tojo^n them, may i)\:^tivitK- 
h.'rr. CO the untjcrtaking v/!th fewer Mo :» T.f .'Jti" 
but (end ai'CT a Rifhcieju number of (^t "r . v'th'^ 
Anoj and Atjitnunition. .. < '• ^ 

He endeavours m chc,Kf^ at his LcPrn ■»; so- 
fwer ch? focluh Pr-tenccs of the Pf^tendtr' K-^'a^-^ 
Protellam. a&d that hc-wil.i ^vcm us sfvoiJi.-r', ^ 
Law He fays, that be'usg bH up in ViC F'o" 
gion and Pohticks of fraXte, hi ft, by E'l-c vi- n. 1 
dated Encoiytooilr Liberty and Rplig ;9, fli 
the Obligations which he iad his Fim ? i(i,%j> 
the frric/. Kiog, muft'n«jeCa^v' sijake 
wholly at his Devotion, abd tofoUow hi. 
that if he Ct upo/i,tbe Throse; the. thrr» 
n-uil be oblig'4 to pay iht Debt which b 
frestfr^^ng Tor the Education of hffclc 
Eacertastung his, fuppofed Father- and |< 
And fince the King rauft rt(h>re him by \ 
\i ever he be fpflored, he wU ftfl 
his own Of bi bfiorc r'lV- fe T-.cc.ii: im-. 






ThePrettHlderbcing-a.-^podl^oficient i> "' ■ 

fuSkicncIy avcne'dibut by rhe utrer Rip''^;. 
Protcftant Subjc Jh, botJi as Jieretlcts atHi. 
The larfcgQneeh, 'hjs pretended Mot'ri X ^ 
cold Bloera whenfte was Siuan of E^'J^^ 
to turn (he Weft of Stotland into a hb^^' 
^pilibethen for doing fo iby the great<)u^ 
Nation ; aini, no do^Jjt, ii at Paina to hipf. 
tended 3ou educated to her own Miw>:,, Sfc^' 
he fays, it were a great Mjdnefs ia A 'rW^T' '■ ' 
take a Prince breti up inihe LorriJ xhirf^^ .•' ' ' 
titude, Pcrfecutica_and Crue'^f' and 'm •'*' ''' 
R-age apd Effvy- 

Scoiian 
their 
fhmc 

prefent, are the more inclinable. £Q tht t i'-^i-s'aj 
He adds. That the French King |rno\vs t Viil * 
be a more effe£^ way forhimlelf t'!; i ?♦ - 
UnivrrfaJ Monarchy, ^d to i-yinc till !*.<>';;{ 
Intcicft.thanby letting up tftePreteod] ' •? 't 
1 bone ol Great B=ir/j?:, he Wlli in ^ll I ^ tba'- 
attempt it, and tho' he foOulS he pcri/'i 
the Deiign would mifcury in/Ae clolei '■^^i^ 
not but reap fomc Advantage by iml \'"'^i -^'f 
thrceNaiions. ■ * . .-. 1 

FrPOJ all this ihe.Author cbadudc: 
Iptcrefl of the Nation, CQ provide for '. 
and fayi, that zs wanV havc^^read 
^»rtn, ^nd are iurnifhir.g rhi^mtcJyej' 
and Ammunitioi^ hf wpci the Gov' 



en their Undertaking ; 

;hcy argue thcmfelvc- out w^icit Fea.r3, and inroj dotcmlp allow jt^bS 7^>< 
Hi a:^jx alTurincc of accompiiCbingihei/^urpqie. j p3 iwgW.*llt& j^ 

Bo()i3n : Printed by H. Green . fold bv Nickoloj Bouru, at his Shop near ihc Old Meeting Houle. 




tions were given, and it was expected that those invited would 
attend ; a long line of carriages and great numbers afoot, but 
in line, made imposing processions to the grave. 

The use of ardent spirits was universal ; they were offered 
upon every possible occasion — at weddings, funerals, calls, 
births, and at the dedication of a church ; to refuse to drink, 
either young or old, was considered an affront. This con- 
viviality was not a new custom, but was one of long standing, 
having prevailed from the first landing. It was carried to 
such an extreme, however, that later the custom was much 
modified, by the Governor and leading men refusing to either 
offer or partake of it publicly, and as it finally became unfash- 
ionable to indulge as much as heretofore, the practice grad- 
ually died away, much to the physical and material health 
of the people. For a punishment to those who persisted in 
"the evil practices of sundry persons, by exorbitancy of the 
tongue in railing and scolding, such offender shall be gagged 
or set in a ducking-stool and dipped over the head and ears 
three times in some convenient place of fresh or salt water 
as the court or magistrate should judge meet." 

The religious spirit and control was well administered, 
and no tolerance given to any religion that was considered 
heresy. The Baptists and Quakers were harassed in every 
possible way, and upon their giving the slightest offence in 
speech were severely punished, death not being infrequently 
the sentence, though later that form was superseded by whip- 
ping. As late as 1734 two Quakers were served with twenty 
lashes upon the bare back, marched to Roxbury where they 
received ten more, then to Dedham where a final ten was be- 
stowed, and yet some writers claim that the forefathers were 
not bigoted men ! 

In 1704 the first newspaper in America was issued in 
Boston, its publisher being John Campbell, giving it the name 
of *'The Boston News-Letter." The date of publication was 
April 24, 1704, and the first number is in possession of the 
Massachusetts Historical Society. 

Benjamin Franklin was born in the little house that 
stood at No. 17 Milk street, in the year 1706. This house 
remained an object of interest for one hundred and twenty 
years, when in the great fire of 171 1 it was destroyed. Frank- 
lin served his apprenticeship in his brother's printing estab- 
lishment, located at the corner of Court street and Franklin 
avenue, directly opposite the old court house. 

103 





Franklin's Birthplace, Milk Street 



in the year 1708, on December 8th, the selectmen of 
the town of Boston made a proposal to the citizens respect- 
ing a charter of incorporation, which they desired to have 
adopted, as the laws could not be properly enforced under 
the present form of administering the town's affairs, owing 
to not having a head or officers empowered as town officers 
to so conduct and rule, the execution of all laws and town 
orders being in the hands of the justices only. Accordingly, 
a committee of thirty, composed of the most prominent 
citizens, was chosen to draw up a charter of incorporation, 
which they did and presented at a town meeting March 
14th, 1709, b^it upon being put to a vote it was rejected. In 
1784 the same matter was again brought to the front, and 
in June, at a meeting of the town, it was again defeated by 
a large majority. In 181 5 the question of incorporation again 
was considered by the people, the debate was acrimonious 
in the extreme, and after long consideration it was voted 
not to proceed any further in the matter, but those who 
greatly desired the incorporation continued their efforts until 
on February 22d, 1822, the Legislature passed the act estab- 
lishing the City of Boston, and on May ist, 1822, Boston 
became a city, electing as its first mayor John Phillips. 

In 1728 the General Court was removed to Salem, it 
being deemed proper that as the town of Boston was under 
separate control that the best interests of the colony as a 
whole would be better served if the seat of general govern- 
ment w^as removed. 

In 1735 Boston's population was sixteen thousand, and 
in 1742 eighteen thousand. In 1740 it had five public schools 
and fifteen churches and nearly eighteen hundred dwelling 
houses. Shortly after this there began exciting displays of 
opposition to the oppression of the home government and tne 
tyranny of its officials here. The people had grown to be 
jealous of their rights, and remembering their victory in the 
Andros affair, they were not backward in making their views 
known, and when in 1747 Commodore Knowles, of the British 
navy, being short of men, openly impressed sailors in the 
streets of the town, they revolted and a lively riot immediately 
ensued. Some British officers were seized and held as host- 
ages by the people until their fellow-townsmen were released, 
which was at once done. It was such affairs that early caused 
a spirit of unrest to prevail, and when in 1750 the burdens 
imposed on them by the heavy duties on tea and other articles 

105 



of necessity had become onerous, they held indignation meet- 
ings and passed resolutions of protest, but without avail. As 
the years passed they grew more insistent for the lowering 
of the duties. The towns comprising the colony instructed 
their representatives to urge the repeal of the stamp act, and 
the people began at the same time to organize. The citizens 




LIBBKTY TREB 



of Boston met under a large tree, which was situated on 
Washington, directly opposite Boylston street, and formed 
themselves into an organization known as ''Sons of Liberty" 
— the tree thtfs acquiring the name of "Liberty Tree." Under 
its branches nearly all the meetings that were called to resent 
the stamp act were held. These meetings were so largely 
attended that the great open space around it was packed. 
Instead of the remonstrances of the people having any effect 
upon the Crown, the odious taxes were in instances increased, 
and by 1770 the people were wrought almost to a state of 
frenzy, which culminated on the 5th of March, when on State 
street seven citizens were killed and several wounded by the 
British soldiers, who fired upon them. The affair grew out 
of a trivial incident, but such was the feeling which grew 
from this massacre that the British troops were withdrawn 
from the town. From this time on meetings, which were 

107 




THE OlyD SOUTH CHURCH 



addressed by Hancock, Adams, Otis, Warren, and others, 
were held in various places. The old South Church was most 
frequently used. This church is one of the most historical 
buildings in the country, and the associations which cluster 
around it make it dear to every American heart. 

The first South Church was built in 1670 on the land 
which was a part of Governor Winthrop's home, his house 
being a few feet north of the church, about where is the 
entrance of the Old South building. The present structure 
was erected in 1729. Benjamin Franklin was baptized in it the 
day he was born. Warren made his famous speech in it on the 
anniversary of the massacre, and on December i6th, 1773, was 
held the meeting which preceded the destruction of the tea, at 
which time the organization of the party was effected. Dis- 
guised as Indians, some ninety citizens repaired to Griffin's 
Wharf, which was located at the north corner of what is now 
Atlantic avenue and Pearl street, and from the ships there 
they threw into the sea three hundred and forty-two chests of 
tea. In retaliation the Crown within the year closed the port 
of entry. Fortifications were erected on the neck, and other 
acts done, which apparently were to anger the people, and in 
this they succeeded. 

A Provincial Congress convened at Concord, October 5th, 
1774, "to act upon such matters as might come before it, as 
shall be most conducive to the true interests of the colonies 
and likely to procure the liberties of all America," with the re- 
sult that the towns were ordered to form military companies 
to be known as "Minute Men" — those ready to respond upon 
one minute's notice. 

In March, 1775, Governor Gage exasperated the people 
by sending troops to Salem for the seizure of cannon and 
stores belonging to the Province, and couriers were stationed 
by the patriots at Charlestown, Cambridge, and Roxbury to 
detect and give warning should the British make any move- 
ment towards Concord, where was being collected great stores 
of ammunition and guns. The desirability of this caution was 
soon apparent. The British began preparations to advance 
on Concord and capture these stores, and on the i8th of 
April began sending troops across the river to Cambridge ; 
instantly from the North Church lanterns were hung out 
announcing that fact, and mounted messengers left for the 
interior spreading the news that "the British are coming!" 
as they sped on their way. At Lexington, in the old belfry, 

109 



was the town's bell ; its clear, powerful tones soon aroused the 
people for miles around, who, quickly grasping musket and 
powder horn, hurried to the Common. On April 19th, form- 
ing into a line on the green, they stood awaiting the coming 
of the ''Red Coats," as they were termed. Upon their coming 
around a bend in the road, they quickly discerned these 
''Minute Men" drawn up in line and ready for action.^ Upon 
the demand to disperse being ignored, the British fired upon 
them, which fire was immediately returned by the patriots 
and the Battle of Lexington was on. With such vehemence 
did the patriots fight that the British fell back and retired 
for awhile from the engagement, awaiting reinforcements. 
Knowing that the destination of the British was Concord, 
and aware of the fact that patriots from all the country around 
were hurrying to that place, ready to make armed resistance, 
the little company themselves marched in advance of the 
British and joining their fellow patriots awaited at the little 
bridge which spanned the Concord river the coming of the 
enemy, who upon making their appearance were at once fired 
upon, and the battle of Concord was fought that day — a battle 
which inaugurated that eight-year-long War of the Revolu- 
tion, which finally gave to the country the independence which 
it has ever since held. Upon the defeat of the British they 
retreated over the same route they had come, harassed every 
little while by volleys being poured into their ranks by the 
patriots, who in little bands would collect and from behind 
stone walls pour out their greetings. 

It was with considerable loss that the troops returned 
to Boston, and at once Gen. Howe began preparations to 
attack and punish those who had had the temerity to oppose 
him and his troops. Expecting that Cambridge would be 
the place attacked, the Minute Men from the country around 
were summoned on false alarms, three different times, 
to rally there. Finally it was seen, on June 17th, that the 
attack was coming by the way of Charlestown, and instantly 
the patriots gathered at Breeds, now Bunker Hill, and as 
the British advanced, they were met with a fire that at 
first disconcerted them, but with aid of fresh troops who had 
been landed and the fire from the ships anchored in the 
Charles river, they again advanced with determination, car- 
rying the redoubts that the patriots had erected and driving 
them from their position. They could not pursue them into 
the interior, neither could they remain at Charlestown, so 



III 



returning to Boston, they surrendered such advantage as they 
had gained. The patriots at once placed Boston under siege 
from all land sides, and rapidly, under competent general 
officers, began the formation of an American army, contribu- 
tions to which came from every direction; New York, Penn- 
sylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas all sent arms and men. 
So effective were the plans of Washington, and so advan- 
tageously did he place his troops, that Gen. Howe saw that 
if he risked a conflict he would surely be defeated, and as no 
supplies, other than such as could reach him by water, could 
be procured, his situation was indeed precarious ; realizing 
this, in March, 1776, he decided to evacuate the town, and 
placing on his ships all his troops and supplies, with over a 
thousand Tories, so called because of their support of the 
British in all matters, he sailed away, and the seat of war 
was transferred from New England to the present Middle 
States, where, after long years, the final victory was won 
by Cornwallis' surrender to Washington at Yorktown, Vir- 
ginia, in 1783. What suffering and privation that noble army 
met with in those years so fraught with anxiety and fear, 
vve cannot at this day conceive, but we can realize that it 
was the. indomitable spirit of the Pilgrim and the Puritan 
descended in them that gave them the fighting spirit in heart 
and soul which was exemplified so well in the motto on the 
only flag that was carried at the battle of Concord bridge, 
which was ''Conquer or Die." (This flag, which was the only 
one carried in any of the battles in New England, belonged 
to the Bedford Minute Men, and is now safely preserved in 
the town library at Bedford, Mass. They felt that what the 
fathers had built it was their duty to protect and maintain, and 
with that courage and faith so essential, they proved them- 
selves — invincible. 

At the State House, in the presence of a vast multitude 
and amid great cheering, the Declaration of Independence 
was read from the balcony on July i8th, 1776, by Colonel 
Crafts. 

Immediately after the close of the war for independence 
Boston entered upon a prolonged period of prosperity. It 
met with rapid growth in population and the erection of many 
imposing structures, while the vacant land was improved 
by the building on it of hundreds of fine residences. The first 
bridge over the Charles river was opened for travel; the 

113 



new State House, on Beacon street, dedicated and occupied; 
the Boston and the Haymarket theaters, the first to be erected 
in New England, opened their doors, and when the eighteenth 
century closed there were about thirty-five hundred dwellings 
and a population of about thirty thousand. 

Shortly after the opening of the nineteenth century the 
government at Washington caused an embargo to be laid upon 
commerce with England, which was greatly deplored by the 
people of New England, and was opposed strenuously by the 
leading and influential citizens, but without avail, although 
they had shown the authorities that it was blasting to the 
interests of Boston and Massachusetts, as over one-third of 
the shipping in the United States was owned in this state. 
And when the news of the declaration of war against England 
was received in 1812, their indignation knew no bounds. But 
yet, when the government called upon the state for troops, she 
responded loyally by sending a regiment which was raised in 
Boston alone. Upon peace being declared with England in 
181 5 there was great rejoicing. 

In 1824 the population of the city had increased to fifty- 
eight thousand, and between this date and 1830 ferries had 
been established between Boston, East Boston, and Chelsea ; 
the new Warren bridge completed; gas mains laid and gas 
brought into use; new court house, new custom house, and 
the Tremont, Federal, and Warren theaters. The city cele- 
brated its second century anniversary with a population of 
sixty-three thousand. 

In 1833 Andrew Jackson visited Boston and received a 
great ovation, and in 1840 the first steamship line between 
Boston and Liverpool was established. In 1844 was the most 
severe winter in the history of Boston ; a long period of most 
intense cold froze the water in the harbor as far down as 
the lighthouse; sleighing and skating from the wharves to 
the light was indulged in. Vessels could not enter the harbor 
and discharged their cargoes upon the ice, whence it was 
transfererd to the warehouses in the city by teams. Hundreds 
of booths for eating and drinking were erected on the ice, and 
a long period of holiday frolic indulged in. Fearing that the 
detention of the Cunard steamship at her dock would result 
in the abandonment of the service, the merchants of the 
city raised a fund and caused a channel to be cut in the ice 
seven miles long, and the imprisoned steamship was released 
and sent on her way. 

115 



In 1847 3- great conflagration destroyed over one hundred 
and fifty buildings at the north end of the city. Many of them 
were of a historic character, dating back to the time of the 
Pilgrims. In 1848 the hearts of the people were gladdened 
when water was brought into the city from Lake Cochituate 
and danger from pestilence caused by impure drinking water 
was averted, although the next year the city was scourged by 
cholera, with a mortality that was alarming. At this period 
the question of slavery was uppermost in the minds of the peo- 
ple, both in the Eastern States and Middle. Anti-slavery 
meetings were constantly held in Faneuil Hall, Old South 
Church, and other public places. William Lloyd Garrison, 
Wendell Phillips, J. G. Whittier, and others were constant 
speakers, and in 1854 was reached the climax to the intense 
agitation. Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave, was arrested and 
held by the courts for a trial, which reached a decision that he 
should be delivered to his owner, who came for him. Upon 
efforts being made to again liberate him, a riot ensued, in 
which one man was killed and several wounded. From this 
time to the outbreak of the Civil War, in 1861, the fight for the 
abolition of slavery was maintained with all the power com- 
manded by eloquence and wealth. 

When the news reached Boston, April 19th, 1861, that 
Sumter had been fired upon, the fires of patriotism were 
alighted to such an extent that before the sun set on that 
day a regiment of troops from Massachusetts was on its way 
to the defence of Washington. Recruiting began instantly and 
regiment after regiment was organized. This great fratricidal 
war lasted until 1865, and during that time Boston sent into 
service over twenty-six thousand men, and gave immense 
sums of monev to aid the government in carrying on the 
war. When in 1865 the news came of the surrender of 
Lee to Gen. Grant at Appomattox, the rejoicings over the 
victory and the knowledge that now and forever the great 
Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln would be 
sustained, and that slavery as an institution had passed into 
history, were great, but soon turned into mourning when the 
death by assassination of President Lincoln was announced. 
The grief of New England was of the same depth as it was 
all over the country, and expression of this feeling was given 
by all the great orators. In 1869 there was inaugurated the 
greatest musical festival that was ever held in America. A 

117 



Iinute Man Statue, Lexington, Mass. 




huge coliseum was erected and under the direction of Mr. P. S. 
Gilmore, ten thousand vocahsts and musicians for five days 
in June gave a musical feast that was indescribable. 

On the 9th day of November, 1872, at quarter after seven 
in the evening, a fire started in the building at the corner of 
Summer and Kingston streets and spread with fearful rapidity. 
The fire department was unable to cope with it, and as it 
spread northeasterly into the very heart of the great com- 
mercial district, aid was summoned from cities as far away 
as Portland, Maine, and special trains upon all the railroads 
brought engines and men to the city's aid Buildings were 
blown up in the effort to stay the flames, hoping that their 
destruction would leave the fire fiend nothing to prey upon. 
When the fire finally stopped, it had burned over sixty-five 
acres, entailing a' loss of nearly one hundred millions of dollars 
and the loss of many lives. The territory which was laid 
waste was within the boundaries of Washington and Broad 
and Summer and Milk streets. Notwithstanding such an 
enormous loss, Boston refused financial aid from other cities, 
but among her own citizens raised a fund of several hundred 
thousand dollars to aid those who needed it and had suffered 
from the conflagration. The rebuilding of the burnt district 
was begun and in an incredibly short time it was covered with 
imposing structures, and it is to-day a great commercial and 
financial center. 

In April, on the 19th, 1875, and on the 17th of June was 
celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of the battles of 
Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. The enthusiasm of 
the people had for weeks previous grown to a state of expec- 
tation that is difficult to describe. All the patriotism that had 
been inherited from the heroic fathers of those battles was 
poured out into the greatest demonstration that was ever 
witnessed in this country. All the resources of state and city, 
reinforced by public citizens, was utilized to make these events 
a grand success. Vast crowds of visitors from all over the 
nation poured in on every train, filling the streets with patriotic 
throngs, every building displaying the flag, and when the 
procession of the day started there were in line the entire 
militia force of the state, regiments from New York, Baltimore, 
Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Providence, and companies from 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Virginia, New Hampshire, Maine, 
and South Carolina; hundreds of governors, generals, and 
distinguished men from all sections of the country, civic, trade 

"9 



and other associations, nearly five hundred vehicles and fifteen 
hundreds horses. The procession was four hours in passing 
the reviewing stand. 

The year 1878 is memorable as the date of the introduc- 
tion of the electric light into the city; it was not at first 
received with much favor, but in 1881 it began to be more 
commonly used. 

On September 17th, 1880, the citizens of Boston enthusi- 
astically celebrated the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary 
of the settlement of Boston. Great preparations for this occa- 
sion had been making for many months. A statue of 
Governor John Winthrop, the founder, was unveiled. There 
were exercises and orations in various parts of the city, and an 
imposing procession, civic, military, and trades, with an illum- 
inated procession consisting of tableaux in the evening. The 
succeeding quarter of a century has not been marked by any 
special occurrence that calls for notice. The city has grown in 
every way ; in population it has over seven hundred thousand 
inhabitants, and within a radius of twenty miles the popula- 
tion is close to two millions. In ten years more, when the 
tercentenary of the landing of the Pilgrims is celebrated, Bos- 
ton's population will unquestionably exceed one million souls. 
' The historic love of Boston is one of its greatest attrac- 
tions to the one whose ancestors helped to mark out and 
build this metropolis. Every foot of ground is venerated and 
the old structures which still survive, as well as the localities 
where historic ones once stood, are objects of a strong attach- 
ment. "The Story of Boston" would be incomplete without 
a sketch of these and it may serve to impart to those who 
are strangers to the city the reason why Bostonians consider 
there is no place worth living in but Boston. 

The first church or meeting house in Boston was erected 
in August, 1632, on what is now State street, at the corner 
of Devonshire ; it was built of logs with thatched roof, and 
for several years was used as a house for worship and a place 
where the Governor and assistants met and directed the affairs 
of the colony. In 1639 ^ larger one, on the present site of 
the Rogers building, Washington street, opposite State, was 
erected. Its present location is at the corner of Berkley 
and Marlboro streets, where a magnificent edifice has been 
erected, costing about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

Extracts from the early records serve to inform us of 

121 




First Meeting-house m Boston 



the strictness in which those people of that day were held. 
''Ann Walker, the wife of one Richard Walker, having before 
this day (29th, 2d month, 1638) been often privately admon- 
ished of sundry scandals, as of drunkenish, intemperate, and 
unclean of wantonish behavior, also of manifold lies and 
still persisting impentiently therein, was by joint consent 
cast out of the church." ''Our brother Richard Wayte, having 
purloyned out of buckskin leather brought unto him so much 
thereof as would make three men gloves to the scandall of 
sundry without as well as of his brethren, and also having 
been by some of the brethren dealt withall for it, did often 
deny and forswear the same, without hearkening, was there- 
fore cast out of the church." "Our sister. Temperance Jewette, 
was by our pastor in the name of the Lord and with the con- 
sent of the congregation, taken by their silence, admonished 
for having received into her house and given entertainment 
unto disorderly company and ministering unto them wine 
and strong waters, even unto drunkenness, and that not with- 
out some iniquity in the measure and practice thereof." 
"26th 9th month, 1639, being a day of publique fast for our 
congregation, our brother Mr. Robert Keayne was admon- 
ished by our pastor, in the name of the church, for selling his \ 
wares at excessive rates, to the dishonor of God's name, the 
offence of the General Court, and the publique scandal of the 
country." 

The first market home was erected at the head of State 
street, on the site of the old State House, about 1635. This ; 
was simply a shed over a log flooring. In a few years a ' 
building upon pillars ten feet high was erected, the open space i 
below being the market, while the second story was used as ; 
the offices of the Governor and assistants. In 1657 the market 

123 




Nl 



was removed to what is now Dock Square, a.rA that section of 
the town was devoted—as it is to-day — to the traffic in pro- 
visions. In 1740 Peter Faneuil, an opulent merchant, made 
an offer to the town to erect at his own expense a suitable 
market house at Dock Square. In 1742 the building, with 
market stalls below and a large hall in second story, was 
finished and presented to the town. In 1761 it was seriously 
damaged by fire, but repaired. The history of the "Cradle 
of Liberty" is intimately connected with that of our country 
in that revered edifice. Adams, Hancock, Lee, Otis, Quincy, 
and others of the patriots have poured forth their soul's over- 
flow of patriotism and moulded public opinion as to the 
people's rights and the necessity of vigilance against foreign 
encroachments and domestic duplicity. It became the center 
where resolutions were formed, and measures adopted, which 
were quickly responded to throughout New England and the 
nation and terminated in the establishment of American 
independence. As the town grew in size the hall was found 
inadequate to hold the large gatherings at the public meetings, 
and in 1805 the building was enlarged with a more spacious 
hall as the result. At one end of it is a portrait of Washinp-ton 
by Stuart, another of Peter Faneuil by Sargent, and the great 
painting by Healy of Webster replying to Playne in his 
memorable speech in 1830 in the United States Senate. 



f,i " II. 







125 




O 

a 

H 

a 
o 



In 1656 Capt. Robert Keayne died and left the town 
three hundred pounds for the erection of a town house. Such 
magnanimity must have impressed the people, coming from 
one upon whom they had but a short time previously cast 
opprobrium, placing him in prison and from the pulpit of 
the church given him a verbal castigation, all upon the charge 
that he had collected excessive profits upon his merchandise. 
The town accepted the gift and in 1657 the erection of a new 
town house was begun at the head of State street. It was 
occupied by the colonial officers until 171 1, when in the great 
fire of that year (previously referred to) it was destroyed. 
Without delay a new building was erected of brick, one 
hundred and ten feet in length and thirty-eight in width, three 
stories in height. It was occupied by the Senate and Repre- 
sentatives of the General Court, by the justices of the Supreme 
Judicial Court and their clerks and became the State House 
in 1742. Throughits situation it early became the point where 
the people resorted upon any public meeting where their 
liberties were encroached upon. In 1766 a mob burned the 
''clearances" as a protest against the infamous stamp act. 
Here were tried the British soldiers who fired upon the people 
at the massacre in 1770, and in consequence from here Samuel 
Adams demanded the removal of the troops from the town 
to the fort. 

' P'rom its balcony until 1775 the appointment of all the 
Royal Governors was proclaimed, and within they were sworn 
into office. John Adams has well said, "In it independence 
was born." July i8th, 1776, from its balcony was read to a 
throng which filled the street below the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and from it was given the news of the adoption 
of the Constitution of the United States, which was drafted 
within its walls by the convention whose delegates later 
adopted it in the church on Federal street. The inauguration 
of John Hancock as the first Governor of the state took place 
here. Again from the balcony was read, in 1783, the Procla- 
mation of Peace. From here, in 1789, General Washington re- 
viewed the procession which passed in his honor. Upon the 
completion of the State House upon Beacon Hill, in 1798, the 
historic building came into possession of the City of Boston, 
from whom at the present time it receives tender care, and its 
rooms are filled' with relics of the "by-gone days," 

127 




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King's Chapel, at the corner of Tremont and School streets, 
was erected in 1754 and was the first Episcopal Church in 
Boston. In the year 1686 a number of people met at the home 
of Mr. Ratcliffe and formed an Episcopalian Society, and by 
order of Governor Andros, 1688, a building was erected which 
he named King's Chapel, a full Episcopal service intro- 
duced, and continued as such until 1776, when the British 
evacuated Boston. Until 1782 no service of Episcopalian form 
was held in it, when that year the remaining proprietors 
resumed worship in it, but they adopted the Unitarian liturgy, 
altered from the common prayer book of the Church of 
England, which form of service is still continued. It is a very 
quaint and interesting church; the interior, with its high old- 
fashioned pews, its tall pulpit, the massive pillars, the beautiful 
stained-glass windows, impress one at once hat here, at 
least, they are in the atmosphere of the Puritan forefathers. 

Christ Church, Salem street, is the oldest church edifice in 
the city, being erected in 1723. The beautiful chime of bells, 
which was brought from England is the oldest ^n America. 
The Bible prayer books and silver now in use were given by 
King George II. in 1733. The first Sunday schoolman America 
was established in this church in 181 5. Its interior still 
retains its old-time appearance. The tablet on the front bears 
this inscription, *'The signal lanterns of Paul Revere displayed 
in the steeple of this church April i8th, 1775, warned the 
country of the march of the British troops to Lexington and 
Concord." 

In no other city in America is the historic lore so abund- 
ant as it is in Boston. Within the radius of Boylston street 
and the water front at the north end, every rod is freighted 
with the history of the founding of New England. Few 
buildings yet remain of the earliest period, and such as do 
are in Roxbury, Dorchester, and Medford, places where the 
commercial growth has been moderate, but in the City of 
Boston, as one wanders through its streets, the eye meets 
tablets placed at various localities, which tell the story in 
brief of an event coincident with the life of the forefathers, 
and as we read them our mind conjectures what those brave 
pioneers would ga^ gould they witness the change? as existing 
to-day. 

139 




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Let us take a little journey through the streets and read 
the inscriptions placed in various localities by the Antiquarian 
and Historical societies ; it will prove interesting, at least : 

At No. 409 Commercial street is Constitution Wharf, so named 

from the fact that here the Frigate Constitution (old 

Ironsides) was built. 
At No. 379, the North Battery, a fortification was built here 

in 1646, and not removed until after the Revolutionary 

War ended. 
At corner of Pearl street and Atlantic avenue was located 

Griffin's Wharf, where the citizens in 1773 threw into the 

sea the cargoes of tea with which the three British ships 

lying there were laden. 
At No. 19 North Square Paul Revere resided from 1770-80. 
At corner of Hanover and Clark streets is the site of the 

new North Meeting House, 1714. 
At North Square and Moon street stood the meeting house of 

the Second or old North Church, built 1650, burned 1676, 

rebuilt 1677, and destroyed for fircAvood by British soldiers 

during the siege of Boston, 1776. 
Salem street, Christ Church (the story of which is told in 

these pages) ; from belfry Paul Revere displayed the 

lanterns April i8th, 1775. 
Salem, corner Charter street, was located the residence of Sir 

W^illiam Phips, the first Royal Governor of the Province, 

under the second charter, 1692. 
Hanover, corner North Bennet street, the home of Rev. In- 
crease Mather, 1676, and later the home of Andrew and 

John Eliot, father and son, ministers of the new North 

Church, 1 742- 1 81 3. 
No. 298 Hanover street. Home in 1655 ^^ Rev. John Mayo, 

minister of Second Church to 1672, and of Rev. Cotton 

Mather, minister, 1685- 1728. 
Hanover, near Richmond street, stood the meeting house 

known as ''New Brick Church" and Cockerel Church," 

1721-1844; new building erected 1845. 
Hanover street, where the American House now stands, lived 

General Joseph Warren, physician, orator, patriot, who fell 

at Bunker Hill, 1775. 
No. 130 Prince street was site of the Stoddard House, which 

was used as a hospital by the British after the battle of 

Bunker Hill. Major John Pitcairn died there. 

131 



The Old B^^fry 
Xexinqfon^ _Mass. 




Cambridge street and Lynde is the site of the old church 
(now used as a branch of the PubHc Library) that was 
erected in 1737, occupied as barraclcs by the British troops 
during the siege of Boston ; they removed the steeple to 
prevent the patriots from signaling to the camp in Cam- 
bridge. 

Nos. 17 and 19 Tremont Row stood the house in which John 
Endicott, Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony, 1629, 
died in 1665. 

Pemberton Square was the site of the house of Daniel Maude, 
who kept the first free school established in Boston, 1636. 
Also here was located the house in which resided Henry 
Vane, Governor of the colony in 1636, and of Rev. John 
Cotton, minister of First Church. 

Court street, corner Co.urt Square, is the old Court House, 
which was erected in 1836 on the site of the old prison, 
which was erected in 1635, and in which Captain Kid, the 
pirate, was confined. In the present building Anthony 
Burns, the fugitive slave, was a prisoner in 1854. 

Court street, corner Franklin avenue. On the east corner stood 
the printing office of James Franklin, the publisher of the 
the New Bngland Courant. It was here that Benjamin 
Franklin served his apprenticeship. In an upper room 
were held the meetings of the ''Long Club," whose mem- 
bers were most active patriots. It was here *'iat the 
leaders in secret planned resistance to Britisl^^ jthority 
from the time of the stamp act to the Declaration of 
Independence. 

No. 39 Tremont street. Here stood the mansion of Peter 
Faneuil and his brother Andrew; also the residence of 
Lieut. Gov. Phillips. 

No. 173 Washington street was the location of Paul Revere's 
shop in 1789. Here he did engraving and gold and silver 
manufacturing. 

No. 209 "Vashington street. The site of the second building 
erected by the First Church in 1639; burned 171 1, rebuilt 
1712, removed 1807. 

Washington street, opposite School, stood the house of John 
Winthrop, Governor of the colony, erected in 1644, ^^^ 
in which he died in 1649. It became the property of Rev. 
John Norton, minister of the First Church, and his widow 
gave it to the Third or Old South Church. The home was 

133 



used for a parsonage for many years, but during the siege 
of Boston it was torn down for firewood by the British 
in 1776. On the site was erected the first business block 
in Boston, consisting of five stores with dweUing above. 
Washington street, north corner of School, is the old building 
erected in 1712 and known as the "Old Corner Bookstore," 
for which purpose it was used for over a century, until 
about five years ago, when the character of the business 
was changed. 
Washington street, southwest corner of School, was known as 
''Hough's Corner." The town records of March 30, 1634, 
record the order, ''Also it is ordered that the street 
(School) from Mr. Atherton Hough's to the Centry Hill 
(Beacon) to be layd out and soe kept open forever." 
School street, at No. 19, was the site of Cromwell's Head 
Tavern, 1705 ; here, were visitors at various times, Gen. 
Washington, Gen. Lafayette, and Paul Jones. 
School street. City Hall. In 1635 was erected by the town a 
building for the use of the Boston Public Latin School, 
an institution which has continued in the city since its 
establishment in 1748. The school was removed opposite 
to the corner of Chapman place, where it continued until 
1850. Also upon the present site of the City Hall was the 
house occupied by General Haldimand, to whom the boys 
of the Latin School made complaint that their coast on the 
Common was destroyed. He ordered the coast restored 
and reported the affair to General Gage, who remarked 
that "it was impossible to beat the notion of liberty out of 
the people, as it was rooted in them from childhood." 
Washington street, at 327, stood the Province House, the 
official residence of the Royal Governors ; it was erected 
in 1679. After the Revolution it was occupied by state 
officers until completion of the new State House in 1798. 
A part of this old house is still standing and can be seen 
from Province court, directly in the rear of 327. 
Washington street, corner Milk, is located the Old South 
Church, particulars relating to which have already been 
given. 
Washington street, corner Essex, was the site of the Liberty 
Tree, planted in 1646, and cut down by the British for fire 
wood in 1775. Events of a patriotic nature which took 
place under its branches have been recorded in former 
pages. 

235 



Tremont street, corner Hollis, stood until about six years ago 
the house in which Nathaniel, David, Thomas, and Josiah 
Bradlee, with John Fulton, assisted by Sarah Bradlee 
Fulton, disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and 
took part in throwing the tea into Boston harbor in 1773. 
''Hurrah for Griffin's Wharf, the Mohawks are coming!" 

State street, at the corner of Washington, south, was the resi- 
dence of Robert Keayne, the merchant who bequeathed 
to the town three hundred pounds for a town hall. He 
was also the founder of the Ancient and Honorable Ar- 
tillery Company in 1638. 

State street, at the corner of Washington, north, was the house 
of John Coggan, and in it he opened the first store in 
Boston. 

State street, the old State House. This has been fully de- 
scribed in the previous pages. 

State street, at the corner of Devonshire, east, was the location 
of the first meeting house erected in Boston — the par- 
ticulars of which have been given. 

State street, north side, where Devonshire street is continued, 
was situated the home of Rev. John Wilson, pastor of 
the First Church, 1632- 1667. 

State street, corner Exchange, was the site of the Royal 
Custom H^ouse, where the onerous burden of taxes was 
imposed upon the people. 

State street, on the north side and west corner of Exchange, 
was the shop of Anthony Stoddard, 1644, occupied as a 
residence in 1646, and during the period of the Royal 
Governors the Royal Exchange Tavern occupied it. From 
here the stage coaches for all points departed. The first 
coach from Boston to New York left this tavern Septem- 
ber 7th, 1772. It was scheduled to leave every two weeks. 

State street, corner of Congress, west, was the site of the resi- 
dence of Elder Thomas Leverett, of the First Church, 
and his son, Governor John Leverett. It is now a stately 
building, in which are the offices of that eminent financier, 
Mr. Thomas W. Lawson. Directly in front of this build- 
ing is that historic spot where occurred, on March, 1770, 
what is known as the Boston massacre ; the exact location 
where the first blood of the American Revolution was 
shed is marked by the paving stones being arranged in 
a circle. 

137 



Devonshire street, corner of Milk, now occupied by the post- 
office, was the site of the hrst Roman Catholic cathedral 
in New England, erected in 1803. It also marks the spot 
where the great fire of 1872 was stopped. 

Winter street, corner Winter place, stood the home of Samuel 
Adams; he died here in 1802. 

Dorchester, Edward Everett Square, stood the mansion of 
Robert Oliver in 1745, and in it Edward Everett was born 
April nth, 1794. 

Dorchester. There are numerous places of great historical 
interest where tablets have been placed, reciting the events 
with which they have been connected, and the same is true 
of South Boston, Roxbury, and Charlestown. Any of the 
numerous street guides of Boston will give their location. 




UINUTB-MAJf 



138 



BOSTON TO DAY 

It is a great manufacturing, commercial, and financial center. 
In 1908 its total assessed valuation was one billion and a 
half dollars. Its twenty national banks have a capital of 
nearly thirty million of dollars, and about two hundred 
million of dollars on deposit. Its bank clearings reach 
ten billion of dollars annually. Its Stock Exchange clear- 
ances are over thirty million shares annually. 

It has over three thousand manufacturing establishments with 
a capital of one hundred and forty million of dollars ; 
seventy-five thousand employees, who earn in wages each 
year forty-five million of dollars ; and has total manufac-. 
turing products of two hundred million dollars yearly. 

It is the largest shoe, leather, and hide center in the world. 

It is the greatest wool market in the United States. " 

It is the leading confectionery manufacturing center of the 
country. 

It is the country's greatest domestic dry goods market. 

Its sales of rubber boots and shoes are the largest in the world, 
amounting to over thirty-two million pairs yearly. 

It manufactures over twelve million dollars' worth of clothing 
annually, under the best hygienic conditions, which are 
superior to any in the country that are devoted to this in- 
dustry. 

It is the world's greatest automobile selling center, all of 
New England and the British Provinces receiving mainly 
their supplies from this city. 

It has within the city, and in its immediate suburbs, the 
largest manufacturing establishments in the world, which 
are devoted to producing boots and shoes, shoe machinery, 
watches, electrical works, and other industries. 

Its population is one and a quarter million in the greater city. 
It has a population within a fifty-mile radius of over three 
millions of people, exceeding any other city in the country 
excepting New York. 

It is the metropolis cTf New England, which comprises a popu- 
lation in total of six million people. 



It has one-fifteenth of the English-speaking and English- 
reading buyers who reside in the United States, that live 
within fifty miles of its center. 

It is the second commercial port of the continent with imports 
and exports which yearly amount to, in round numbers, 
three hundred millions of dollars. 

It is the natural port of the northwest and of the Dominion of 
Canada. 

Its splendid harbor channels are being improved daily. Over 
eight millions of dollars have been so far expended in this 
work. 

It is nearer to Europe and all Mediterranean ports than any 
other large city on the sea coast, and is the favorite point 
of departure and arrival for travelers to and from Europe. 

It is the terminus of three great railroad systems, connecting 
with the Northwest, West, South, and Canada. 

It has the two greatest passenger terminals in the world. 

It has millions of square feet of vacant land adjacent to the 
water front or railroads, which is suitable for manufac- 
turing purposes of all kinds. 

It is the ideal and popular convention city in the United States. 
Each 3^ear many of them are held here. 

It has ample high-class hotel accommodations. 

It has magnificent ocean beaches in its immediate vicinity. 

It is within a short ride by steam, trolley, boat, or motor of 
Lexington, Concord, Salem, Plymouth, Cambridge, and 
many other famous places. 

It is the great gateway and the clearing house of summer 
tourist travel to the coast places of Massachusetts and 
Maine ; to the White and Green mountains ; to the lakes of 
New^ Hampshire and Maine ; to Bar Harbor, and the 
Canadian Province resorts. 

It is the great educational center (which includes Cambridge 
and all New England). 

It is the finest residential city, with its magnificent suburbs, of 
any city in the w^orld. 

And finally, it will in time (with the efiforts now being put 
forth to make it so) become the best city on the continent 
in every respect. 



H 46 78 ! 



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